The Molecular Mechanism That Make Staphylococcus Aureus Resistant To Essay

The Molecular Mechanism That Make Staphylococcus Aureus Resistant To Antibiotics - Essay Example Once this critical function is affected the bacteria cannot carry out its normal functional roles, and it is eliminated from the ecosystem. Antibiotics bind to proteins making them lose theirs capacity to carry out normal functions. Proteins normally replicate DNA, resulting in cell walls for bacteria or proteins for definite purposes. According to Talaro (2006), these processes are extremely vital in the functioning of bacteria. On the other hand, if bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics, then the drugs’ ability to stop or control their growth fades away; hence, bacteria continue to thrive even when they are exposed to them. This is caused by molecular mechanisms of the bacterial species that render the antibiotics functionless. The resistant species cause infections which cannot be treated with the usual formerly effective drugs, dosages and concentrations that treated the disease successfully. This resilience might be caused by internal mechanisms or acquired from othe r external sources. Resistance to multiple antibiotics as shown by some pathogens is called Multidrug Resistance (MDR). A term superbug has now been coined and is used to refer to the same. Microorganisms have an important trait of being able to adapt fast to their environment hence can survive for a long time without being eliminated. Disease causing pathogens have become a serious threat in medicine due to their resistance to antibiotics. ... There are different lines of antibiotics such as first, second and possibly third. Drug resistant microorganisms may have acquired resistance to the first line of antibiotics hence causing the need to use the second line of antibiotics. The first line of these antibiotics is usually selected based on several advantageous factors which include safety, availability and their cost. In contrast the second line agents usually have a broader spectrum compared to those in the first line. They possess a less favorable risk benefit to the users and maybe more expensive and not accessible in the local marketplace. Resistance to the second and occasionally to the third line of antibiotics is usually acquired in a sequential manner (Bauman, Machunis-Masuoka, and Tizard, 2004). This is usually well illustrated by a bacterial strain called staphylococcus aureus, which is discussed abundantly in this essay. Resistance may be due to mutation which can either be spontaneous or induced by other factor s. It may also be through gaining resistant genes from other resistant bacterial species. This is through horizontal gene transfer which may occur through conjugation, transduction or transformation. These antibiotic resistance genes usually reside on the plasmids expediting their transmission. Contact with antibiotics necessitates natural selection, leading to the survival of organisms with resistant genes. This causes the gene for the antibiotic resistance to spread easily through an ecosystem of bacteria. Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that has shown resistance to antibiotics for a long period. This resistant pathogen is located on its hosts’ mucous membranes and human skin, is extremely resistant

What would be the risk to society if doctors were to participate in Research Paper

What would be the risk to society if doctors were to participate in physician-assisted suicide - Research Paper Example ss negligence on their part or even a sinful act which shall deter the basis of growth and harmony across the ranks within the society (Donnelly, 1998). The doctors have to be answerable to the society for all their acts and if they commit their own selves within such domains, then there would be no one to find out the true sanctity that is related with this profession. The physician-assisted suicide is essentially an act that must be abhorred from the outset of such discussions as it disqualifies as a morally acceptable act at any cost (Gorsuch, 2006). This is much needed because it sets the basis of finding out where anomalies happen and how these could be avoided so that the essence of a true civilized society remains in tact no matter how difficult the times might become. The doctors must comprehend that their duty is much more than just healing. They have to be accountable to their conscience as

Biography of Georg Simon Ohm Essay Example for Free

Biography of Georg Simon Ohm Essay Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1787 – 6 July 1854) was a Bavarian (German) physicist and mathematician. As a high school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohms law. Ohm died in Munich in 1854, and is buried in the Alter Sà ¼dfriedhof. Early years Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Bavaria, (then a part of the Holy Roman Empire)son to Johann Wolfgang Ohm, a locksmith and Maria Elizabeth Beck, the daughter of a tailor in Erlangen. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohms father was a respected man who had educated himself to a high level and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. Of the seven children of the family only three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin, who later became a well-known mathematician, and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His mother died when he was ten. From early childhood, Georg and Martin were taught by their father who brought them to a high standard in mathematics, physics, chemistry and philosophy. Georg Simon attended Erlangen Gymnasium from age eleven to fifteen where he received little in the area of scientific training, which sharply contrasted with the inspired instruction that both Georg and Martin received from their father. This characteristic made the Ohms bear a resemblance to the Bernoulli family, as noted by Karl Christian von Langsdorf, a professor at the University of Erlangen. Life in university Georg Ohms father, concerned that his son was wasting his educational opportunity, sent Ohm to Switzerland. There in September 1806 Ohm accepted a position as a mathematics teacher in a school in Gottstadt bei Nydau. Karl Christian von Langsdorf left the University of Erlangen in early 1809 to take up a post in the University of Heidelberg and Ohm would have liked to have gone with him to Heidelberg to restart his mathematical studies. Langsdorf, however, advised Ohm to continue with his studies of mathematics on his own, advising Ohm to read the works of Euler, Laplace and Lacroix. Rather reluctantly Ohm took his advice but he left his teaching post in Gottstadt bei Nydau in March 1809 to become a private tutor in Neuchà ¢tel. For two years he carried out his duties as a tutor while he followed Langsdorfs advice and continued his private study of mathematics. Then in April 1811 he returned to the University of Erlangen. His private studies had stood him in good stead for he received a doctorate from Erlangen on 25 October 1811 and immediately joined the staff as a mathematics lecturer. After three semesters Ohm gave up his university post. He could not see how he could attain a better status at Erlangen as prospects there were poor while he essentially lived in poverty in the lecturing post. The Bavarian government offered him a post as a teacher of mathematics and physics at a poor quality school in Bamberg and he took up the post there in January 1813. This was not the successful career envisaged by Ohm and he decided that he would have to show that he was worth much more than a teacher in a poor school. He worked on writing an elementary book on the teaching of geometry while remaining desperately unhappy in his job. After Ohm had endured the school for three years it was closed down in February 1816. The Bavarian government then sent him to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to help out with the mathematics teaching. On 11 September 1817 Ohm received an offer of the post of teacher of mathematics and physics at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne. This was a better school than any that Ohm had taught in previously and it had a well equipped physics laboratory. As he had done for so much of his life, Ohm continued his private studies reading the texts of the leading French mathematicians Lagrange, Legendre, Laplace, Biot and Poisson. He moved on to reading the works of Fourier and Fresnel and he began his own experimental work in the school physics laboratory after he had learnt of Oersteds discovery of electromagnetism in 1820. At first his experiments were conducted for his own educational benefit as were the private studies he made of the works of the leading mathematicians. The Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne failed to continue to keep up the high standards that it had when Ohm began to work there so, by 1825, he decided that he would try again to attain the job he really wanted, namely a post in a university. Realising that the way into such a post would have to be through research publications, he changed his attitude towards the experimental work he was undertaking and began to systematically work towards the publication of his results [1]:- Overburdened with students, finding little appreciation for his conscientious efforts, and realising that he would never marry, he turned to science both to prove himself to the world and to have something solid on which to base his petition for a position in a more stimulating environment. In fact he had already convinced himself of the truth of what we call today Ohms law namely the relationship that the current through most materials is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across the material. The result was not contained in Ohms firsts paper published in 1825, however, for this paper examines the decrease in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. The paper deduced mathematical relationships based purely on the experimental evidence that Ohm had tabulated. In two important papers in 1826, Ohm gave a mathematical description of conduction in circuits modelled on Fouriers study of heat conduction. These papers continue Ohms deduction of results from experimental evidence and, particularly in the second, he was able to propose laws which went a long way to explaining results of others working on galvanic electricity. The second paper certainly is the first step in a comprehensive theory which Ohm was able to give in his famous book published in the following year. Teaching career Ohms own studies prepared him for his doctorate which he received from the University of Erlangen on October 25, 1811. He immediately joined the faculty there as a lecturer in mathematics but left after three semesters because of unpromising prospects. He could not survive on his salary as a lecturer. The Bavarian government offered him a post as a teacher of mathematics and physics at a poor quality school in Bamberg which Ohm accepted in January 1813. Unhappy with his job, Georg began writing an elementary textbook on geometry as a way to prove his abilities. Ohms high school was closed down in February 1816. The Bavarian government then sent him to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to help out with the teaching of mathematics. Memorial for Ohm at the Technical University of Munich, Campus Theresienstrasse After his assignment in Bamberg, Ohm sent his completed manuscript to King Wilhelm III of Prussia. The King was satisfied with Ohms book, and offered Ohm a position at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne on 11 September 1817. This school had a reputation for good science education and Ohm was required to teach physics in addition to mathematics. The physics laboratory was well-equipped, allowing Ohm to begin experiments in physics. As the son of a locksmith, Ohm had some practical experience with mechanical devices. Ohm published Die galvanishe Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) in 1827. Ohms college did not appreciate his work and Ohm resigned from his position. He then made an application to, and was employed by, the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg. Ohm arrived at the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg in 1833, and in 1852 he became a professor of experimental phy sics at the University of Munich. The discovery of Ohms law Further information: Ohms Law Ohms law first appeared in the famous book Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (tr., The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) (1827) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity. In this work, he stated his law for electromotive force acting between the extremities of any part of a circuit is the product of the strength of the current, and the resistance of that part of the circuit. The book begins with the mathematical background necessary for an understanding of the rest of the work. While his work greatly influenced the theory and applications of current electricity, it was coldly received at that time. It is interesting that Ohm presents his theory as one of contiguous action, a theory which opposed the concept of action at a distance. Ohm believed that the communication of electricity occurred between contiguous particles which is the term Ohm himself used. The paper is concerned with this idea, and in particular with illustrating the differences in this scientific approach of Ohms and the approaches of Joseph Fourier and Claude-Louis Navier. A detailed study of the conceptual framework used by Ohm in producing Ohms law has been presented by Archibald. The work of Ohm marked the early beginning of the subject of circuit theory, although this did not become an important field until the end of the century. Ohms acoustic law Further information: Ohms acoustic law Ohms acoustic law, sometimes called the acoustic phase law or simply Ohms law, states that a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a number of constituent pure harmonic tones. It is well known to be not quite true. WORKS * Guidelines for an appropriate treatment of geometry in higher education at preparatory institutes / notes * The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically * Elements of analytic geometry concerning the skew coordinate system * Fundamentals of physics: Compendium of lectures

Popularity of Soccer Essay Example for Free

Popularity of Soccer Essay When the United States national soccer team defeated the Spanish national team in the semifinals of the 2009 Confederations Cup, many sportswriters and fans called the U. S team’s win one of the biggest upsets in modern soccer. Although the United States is known for having dominant sports teams, many refuse to admit that the United States has a good soccer team, let alone believe that Americans know about the sport soccer. In all fairness, even people in the United States do not believe that Americans know a lot about the sport and think it is a unpopular sport in the U. Â  S. Long has been the misconception that soccer is not popular in the United States and that many Americans do not even know the rules of the game. In an episode of Family Guy, Chris Griffin is playing in a soccer game. The bleachers are almost empty with the exception of a handful amount of people. When a ball is kicked towards Chris, he catches the ball. The referee, dressed like an American football official, awards Chris’s opponents a penalty kick with a tone and style of his speech as that of a football official. A parent of Chris’s teammate yells out in anger because Chris’s mistake awards the other team an immense advantage. This scene exemplifies the common misconception about soccer in the United States. The small number of audience in the crowd suggests that soccer is not a popular sport in America. Chris’s lack of knowledge of the sport and the inaccurate uniform of the referee imply that many Americans do not know the rules of soccer and are not familiar with the sport because not many Americans play the sport. Furthermore, Chris lacks enthusiasm in his game; this lack of enthusiasm illustrates the hypervisiblity of the popularity of soccer in the United States. Soccer was virtually unknown to Americans until 1967 when the first professional soccer league was set up in the United States. The league was named the North American Soccer League (NASL). The league attracted some of the most famous soccer players in the world such as the Brazilian Pele, arguably the best soccer player of all time, and the German Franz Beckenbauer, regarded as the best German player of all time. Although the league attracted some of the greatest players, soccer overall remained a less popular sports like baseball and football in the United States. Perhaps Americans’ reluctance to follow the rules set by the British is the reason for soccer’s initially low popularity. Baseball and football, undoubtedly the two most popular sports in the United States, has its roots in the United Kingdom. An early form of baseball has been played in England in the mid-eighteenth century(The history of baseball). American football was originated from rugby football, which originated in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century(American football history). However, the rules of baseball and American football have been adapted by Americans from their origins to become American sports. Perhaps because Americans put in place their own laws of these sports, baseball and football had been successfully integrated into the American culture and had been immensely popular since their beginnings. Soccer on the other hand, was nowhere near as popular as baseball and football when first introduced in the United States. Soccer’s laws were set forth by the International Football Association Board (IFAB) which consists of the four United Kingdom countries’ associations- England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland(The International FA Board). The fact that the rules of soccer were not created by Americans and the fact that the sport’s rules were created by the United States’s competitive rivals may contribute to soccer’s originally low popularity. Whatever the reason, soccer was clearly not a popular sport in the United States even though it was by far the most popular sport in the world. Certainly, the North American Soccer League (NASL) was not a widely watched league when it was established in 1967. Its low popularity did not improve as the NASL eventually failed in 1984. Although the much improved Major League Soccer (MLS) was founded in 1996(About MLS) to replace the NASL, the MLS was and is still not a very successful league in terms of salary. The average salary of a player in the MLS in 2010 is $138,169 compared to MLB’s $3,297,828 (2010) (MLB Salaries), and NFL’s $990,000 (2009) (NFL Player Salaries). In fact, the MLB’s and the NFL’s minimum salaries are far greater than the average MLS salary. MLB’s minimum salary in 2009 was $400,000(MLBPA Info), while NFL’s minimum salary in 2009 was $310,000. Based solely on salaries of professional athletes in the United States, one can get an idea of the low popularity of soccer compared to sports like baseball and football in the U. S. These stats may seem to support the hypervisibility of soccer’s popularity in the United States, but in reality they do not reflect the growing adoration and acknowledgement of the sport. Soccer’s popularity in America has been growing since the inauguration of the NASL and the MLS. The MLS may seem unpopular based on the salaries of the players in the league, but spectator attendance suggests otherwise. The MLS averages 18,452 people per game, higher than National Basketball League’s 17,110, and NHL’s 17,004. In fact, the MLS’s average attendance is even higher than the Scottish Premier League’s average attendance(Avoiding the Drop). The amount of soccer players in America further emphasizes the tremendous popularity of the sport. In the U. S. , there are a total of 24,472,778 players. This number is far larger than some of the powerhouses in world soccer such as England which has 4,164,110 players, Brazil which has 13,197,733 players, and Spain which has 2,834,190 players(FIFA. com). Lastly, the 2010 World Cup had an average of 24. 3 million viewers in the United States. The World Series and the NBA Finals, on the other hand, only averaged 19. 4 viewers and 18 million viewers respectively(deseretnews. com). The United States was not even in the final of the World Cup and still managed to attract more viewers than the World Series and the NBA finals. Had the U. S. National Team been in the final, the number of viewers of the World Cup final could have been significantly larger. The high number of attendance at MLS games, soccer players in the United States, and viewers of the World Cup final testifies against the hypervisibility that asserts that soccer is an unpopular sport in the United States. However, facts surrounding the attention of soccer in the United States firmly affirms that soccer has now established itself as one of the most popular sports in America.

Impact Of Floods In Low Lying Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Floods In Low Lying Areas Environmental Sciences Essay Vijayawada city is situated on the banks of river Krishna. Floods affect the city many times, which creates damage to the people and properties. The city has faced many floods since long back. The aim of the study is to find out the factors which are responsible for the floods in the city and the impact of the floods in the low lying areas (which are mostly affected) of Vijayawada. This study will be useful to work out the measures to handle the floods in the city. A few suggestions have been given to tackle the damaging phenomenon of the floods. Keywords: Vijayawada, Krishna River, Budameru canal, Floods, INTRODUCTION: Vijayawada is the third largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Over the years, Vijayawada has been experiencing extensive development coupled with high urban growth. It is an important commercial and transport centre of the State. Being a big city people from all over the country are migrating to Vijayawada for their livelihood irrespective of their caste and creed. The rapid urbanization in the city has led to increase the problem of settlements with the unsafe locations which ultimately causes natural disaster. In addition to this, heavy rains in this area have been causing frequent floods with roads in many places submerged for several hours and the road traffic coming to a halt, bringing in considerable damage to public and private properties. Floods are the most damaging phenomena that effect to the social and economic of the population. It is one of the major disasters affecting the population especially those living in high risk areas, in the flood plains and the low lyi ng areas causing extensive damage to properties and even loss of lives. But before studying the impact of the floods in the low lying areas of Vijayawada, let us first understand the meaning of Floods. A  Flood  is an overflow of water that submerges land.  The  European Union  (EU)  Floods Directive  defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a  river  or  lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries,  or may be due to accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an aerial flood Floods are caused by many factors: heavy rainfall, highly accelerated  snowmelt, severe winds over water, unusual high tides,  tsunamis, or failure of dams,  levees,  retention ponds, or other structures that retained the water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall. The factors which are responsible for the flooding of Vijayawada city will be studied in a detailed manner in the following study. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY: The city is sited at the foot of a low range hills on the northern bank of the river Krishna with its cardinal points as 16 ° 31 North latitude and 80 ° 37 East longitude, around 70 km away from the coast. The land lay of Vijayawada is characterized by four canals, four hills and the river Krishna. Vijayawada when approached from Guntur is welcomed by the historic gates across the holy river Krishna. The way to Machilipatnam runs parallel to Budameru canal and crosses two other canals. There are four major hills: a) Indrakiladri Hill b) Machavaram Hill c) Gunadala Hill d) Moghalrajapuram Hill The natural slope of the old town is falling from north to south whereas the new town slopes down from west to east. When compared to the old town, the new town is flat and hence makes drainage less effective. Though the city is protected from high flood banks in the southern side, the low-lying lands are not immune to floods. Indrakiladri hill (One town Vidyadharapuram):- The areas covered by Indrakiladri hill are popularly known as I Town and Vidyadharapuram. It is located on the West Side and Northern Side of Vijayawada City. The height of the hills is about 240 Meters. The perimeter of the hills is about 10 km. The areas such as Ramarajaya Nagar, Kummaraalem, 4-Pillar center, Ali Nagar, Kabela Road are falling with in this hill area. Mogalrajapuram hill Mogalarajpuram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill range located on the Eastern side of Vijayawada city. The maximum height of the hills is about 250 Meters. The perimeter of the hills is about 6 kms. The areas such as Dasari Ramana Nagar, Ravi Chettu Center, Sunnapubattila Center are falling within these hill areas. Machavaram hill Machavaram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill range located on the East Side of Vijayawada City. The maximum height of the hills is about 240 Mts. The perimeter of the the hill area is about 4 km. The areas such as Karimkanagar, Gulammohiddin Nagar, Maruthinagar are falling within these hill areas. Gundala hill Gunadala Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill range located on the Eastern Side of Vijayawada city. The maximum height of the hills is about 242 Meters. The perimeter of the hills is about 10 km. The areas such as Ayyapanagar, Kristurajapuram, Vijayanagar Colony, Arunlagar, Lurthnagar, Betlahem Nagar etc. are falling within these hill areas. Source of the Information: MRO (Urban), Revenue Dept, Vijayawada. Canals:- The Krishna Eastern Main Canal on the left bank of Krishna River, after traversing for one km gets divided into three canals; Eluru canal, Bandar canal and Ryves canal traversing the inner city. Apart from these, Budameru stream skirts the city limits to pass through the rural part of the VMC. Bandar Canal The canal traverses for a distance of 7.5 km on the southern side of the city. For free movement of traffic, the canal has 10 bridges built across it. Ryves Canal The canal flows for a distance of around 7.6 km on the north-eastern side of the city. There are about 8 bridges across it. Eluru Canal The canal runs for a total distance of around 65 km in Krishna and West Godavari districts. There are about six road bridges, two railway bridges and two foot-over bridges across the canal. Land Use Profile The city area can be broadly divided into two categories one Developed area and the second Undeveloped area. Of the Vijayawada corporation area of 6188 ha, the developed land part of the city covers 3753 ha accounting for around 61% of the city area, leaving 2435 ha undeveloped. Land Use Composition: Vijayawada, 2004 S.No Land Use Area in Ha. % to developed area % to total area Developed component 1. Residential ( Built -up ) 1348.25 35.92 21.79 2. Mixed-Residential ( Built -up ) 141.36 3.77 2.28 3. Residential vacant plots 229.02 6.10 4.11 4. Commercial 247.91 6.6 4.01 5. Industrial 72.38 1.93 1.17 6. Public Semi- public 270.16 7.2 4.37 7. Institutional 178.31 4.75 2.88 8. Parks Play grounds 60.34 1.60 0.56 9. Recreational / Others 3.1 0.08 0.05 10. Roads 800.81 21.34 12.94 11. Railway 190.49 5.08 3.08 12. Water Bodies ( Canals Others) 211.26 5.63 3.41 Sub Total 3753.39 100 60.65 Un-Developed component 13. Agricultural Area 885.97 36.40 14.32 14. Vacant Lands 618.27 25.39 9.99 15. Water Bodies ( River) 668.42 27.45 10.80 16. Hills 262.06 10.76 4.23 Sub Total 2434.72 100.00 39.35 Grand Total 6188.11 100.00 100.00 Source: VGTMUDA Rivers and Dams There are two rivers flowing from Vijayawada Krishna River Budameru river/Drain which creates havoc during rainy season. Krishna River The River Krishna takes of its origin in the Western Ghats at an elevation of (+) 1336 Mts and runs for a length of about 1400 km and runs through Vijayawada city and joins at Bay of Bengal. The length of Krishna River up to Prakasam Barrage is about 1310 km. The flow of the river is managed partially by the Nagarjuna Sagar dam which is located to the west of Krishna District and Prakasam Barrage which is located at the beginning of the city. The Krishna Flood bank Above Prakasam Barrage is about 13km and below flood bank is 6.40 km which creates havoc in flood season which starts from June to December. Water release from barrage with 4, 12,734 to 10, 94,422 Cusecs is been observed over the years. Dam management Since the main purpose of the dam is to provide irrigation, the dam authorities try to fill the reservoirs during the monsoon to ensure water availability for the farmers in the surrounding districts during summers. Therefore occurrence of severe rainfall (1 day or 2 day extreme precipitation) due to cyclone or depression during the latter half of the monsoon season in the lower and middle Krishna basin leads sudden increase in the reservoir level forcing the dam authorities to release water which sometime exceeds the carrying capacity of the river. This leads to flooding along the downstream. Flood Banks The total length of flood bank in Krishna District (within which the Vijayawada city is located) is 226.98 km. The flood banks of the River Krishna were originally formed in 1892. The flood banks were provided on both sides of the River up to sea as detailed below to contain the flood water with in the flood banks and there by protect the properties and human lives etc in Krishna District. Details of Flood Banks in Krishna District S.No. Details Of The Flood Banks Length In km 1. Krishna Left flood bank (above Prakasam Barrage) 13.00 2. Krishnalanka Flood bank (below Prakasam Barrage) 6.40 3. Krishna Left flood Bank (below Prakasam Barrage) 89.60 4. Divi Left flood bank 36.00 5. Divi Right Flood Bank 32.00 6. K.E. Tidal Bank Divi Island 22.00 7. Kona Tidal Bank (Machilipatnam Side) 18.50 8. Seadyke Flood Bank (Machilipatnam Side) 2.50 9. West Side Flood Bank (Machilipatnam Side) 6.00 10. Rudravaram Flood Bank (Machilipatnam Side) 4.00 Total 230.00 Source: Irrigation Dept Krishna Lanka Flood Bank: (3.38 km): This flood bank was formed during 1967 to protect the residents of Krishnalanka of Vijayawada city. Embankments /Flood Bank locations S.No Name of the Embankment Length of the Embankment in km Area covered Length of the Embakment within the ward 1 Krishna Left Flood Bank(Above Barrage) From ( Ibrhimpatnam to Prakasham Barage) 13km IbrahimPatnam to BhavaniPuram 6km 2 Bhavani puram To Karakatta South 5km 3 Krakatta South to Lanchi revu/Punnami Hotel 2km 1 Krishna Left Flood bank (Bellow Prakasham Barrage) From Brrage to Ramalaingeswara Nagar (Krishna Lanka) 6.40km Ranadheevi nagar 2 2 Taraka Ramanagar 1.40 3 Bhupesh Gupta Nagar 1 4 Ramalingeswar Nagar 2 Budameru River/Drain Information given in the following pages. Floods Floods are caused by two rivers in the Vijayawada. One is Krishna River which is on the southern part of the city and the other is Budameru River which is on the North- Western part of the city. Both these rivers contribute to the canal network. Bandar canal and Ryves canal are fed by Krishna River while Eluru canal is fed by Krishna River and partially by Budameru River. The contribution of water from Budameru is mostly seasonal and the canal networks are used to discharge excess/flood waters. The topography of the city is complex. The central part of the city is above flood plain with hills while Southern and Northern parts of the city are on flood plain. This problem was realized by the irrigation department in later half of twentieth century and bunds were constructed along canals to prevent flood waters from entering the city. The floods in Vijayawada city due to Krishna River, is a regular phenomenon. Almost every monsoon people living in the flood plains of Krishna River are affected. Krishna Floods The primary reason for the flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river which had taken place due to lack of planning and enforcement. Flood in the River Krishna are both due to South West Monsoon in the middle of June and continues up to end of September and North East Monsoon begins in October and continues till end of November. High floods usually occur during October. History of Hazard In general, flooding by the Krishna River is a regular phenomenon. The flood history of Krishna River indicates that its flow is uncertain. With the embankments in place the river flows bank to bank almost once in every five years or twice every decade. This time span of five years usually encourages low economic class people to settle on the flood bank. Further the presence of embankments provide a false sense of security to the people and also encourages people who are on the river bed that soon the government is going to construct a embankment that will protect their house. With the rapid increase in population, large numbers of people end up occupying the area between the flood bank along the Bandar canal and the Krishna River. These areas are subjected to regular flooding during monsoons. In order to safe guard the people and the livelihood the Irrigation department constructed a flood bank parallel to the old bund including the unauthorized settlements which had come up. This s tructure was designed to prevent the settlements from flooding. The old flood bank was then converted to serve the purpose of transportation (currently NH5). The people who were earlier residing in flood plain were provided with legal ownership and the area was included within the city town planning scheme. Year Wise observed Maximum Floods in Krishna River Sl.No. Date Month Year Cusecs U/S Side D/S Side Barrage 1. 7th Oct 1903 10,60,830 (+)70.55 (+)69.55 23.50 2. 11th Aug 1914 9,48,632 (+)68.20 (+)67.95 21.15 3. 2nd Nov 1917 9,55,460 (+)68.10 (+)67.25 21.05 4. 24th Sep 1949 9,24,736 (+)68.15 (+)66.00 21.10 5. 2nd Oct 1964 9,87,852 (+)68.25 (+)65.30 23.20 6. 6th Aug 1966 4,12,734 (+)57.95 (+)55.90 12.90 7. 30th Sept 1974 5.97.800 (+)60.65 (+)58.40 15.60 8. 10th July 1983 8,27,310 (+)64.05 (+)62.35 19.00 9. 24th July 1989 6,86,910 (+)61.95 (+)55.0 16.90 10. 17th Oct 1998 9,32,000 (+)65.45 (+)63.30 20.04 11. 21st Sept 2005 7,40,232 (+)62.65 (+)60.00 17.60 12. 17th Aug 2006 5,56,618 (+)59.85 (+)57.60 14.80 13. 21st Sept 2007 5,56,618 (+)59.85 (+)57.60 14.80 14. 11th Aug 2008 4,22,660 (+)57.55 (+)55.20 12.50 15. 5th Oct 2009 10,94,422 (+)68.78 (+)67.50 23.47 Source: Irrigation Dept The maximum flood discharge observed during the year 1903 is 10.60 lakh cusecs. After the construction of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in the upstream of the river, during the year 1998 Krishna River received a maximum flood discharge of 9.32 lakh cusec and caused alarming situation throughout the flood banks below the Prakasam Barrage. Subsequently the flood banks of Krishna River were restored to original standards during the year 1999 to 2000.These restorations did not include flood banks which are within and nearby Vijayawada city namely Krishna Left Flood Bank (upstream of Prakasam Barrage) and Krishnalanka Flood Bank (downstream of Prakasam Barrage). Reasons for Krishna Flood This region receives maximum rainfall both by southwest and retreating monsoons. The primary reason for the flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river which had taken place due to lack of planning and enforcement. Vijayawada is located on the line which separates the delta-irrigated lands. Flood bank below barrage is about 6.40 km which creates havoc in flood season from June to December. High Water release at time from barrage with 4, 12,734 to 10, and 94,422 Cusecs of water released in various years. Developmental activities like sluice connectivity to into the river is causing back water (3 sluices connected into river). Bund cutting for public private developmental activities (ex: sluice, storm water drains) approach roads for bigger vehicles. Allotting the residential areas officially in flood zone. Ex: Police colony. Breach occurrence and damages occurred to the flood bank with slips and erosion. With little authoritative power over the settlements along the flood banks, the irrigation department is unable to attend swiftly in vulnerable areas. This situation is further complicated by the false hope provided by the politicians in their campaigns during elections that they would support these illegal settlements. In order to gain vote, some of them even promise to protect these people by assuring that once they are elected they would legalize their settlements and will also revisiting the existing embankments. This measure was taken in 1970s when the location of embankments were changed to include people who are in the flood plains. Elevation and location details of Flood affected areas Elevation and location details of Flood affected areas Area Elevation Longitude Latitude Krishna River 37 Ft. Krishna Lanka 86 Ft. 1603017.70 N 8003622.61 E Krishna Lanka 72-83 Ft. 1603012.64 N 8003719.48 E P.N.Bus stand 85 Ft. 1603030.54 N 8003659.67 E VMC 97 Ft. 1603038.41 N 8003642.15 E Krishna Lanka Tardwra 62-73-74Ft. 1603727. 80N 8003011.79 E Ranadhive Nagar 74-79 Ft. 1603020.69 N 8003712.75 E Bus Stand back 69 Ft. 1603022.00 N 8003700.54 E Bhupesh Gupta Nagar 55-64 Ft. 1602946.92 N 8003807.91 E Ramalingeswara Nagar UGD 53 Ft. 1602907.94 N 8003921.17 E Police Colony 59 Ft. 1602908.01 N 8003924.18 E K.R.Market 81 Ft. 1603048.62 N 8003649.36 E Indira Gandhi Stadium 70 Ft. 1603017.72 N 8003817.23 E RTC Colony 85 Ft. 1603151.24 N 8003615.21 E Gannavaram 80 Ft. 1603150.99 N 8004745.57 E Patamata girls High School 69 Ft. 1602943.39 N 8004005.38 E Krishna River at Punnami 52 Ft. 1603128.76 N 8003508.48 E Punnami Ghat 82 Ft. 1603134.71 N 8003516.88 E Source: Irrigation Dept List of vulnerable areas to the Krishna flood Vulnerability population area Area Krishna Flood 15557 1.15 Lanchi Revu 15722 1.88 karakatta Krishna Flood 15814 2.81 Police colony 14798 0.65 Bhupesh Gupta nagar 14608 0.5 Tarakaramanagar 14725 1.46 Randheer Nagar 15418 0.72 15320 1.92 Busstand (back)Saibaba temple 121962 11.09 Source: irrigation Dept Budameru Floods The Budameru River flows from the North Western part of the Krishna District. The river originates in the hills surrounding Mylavaram and flows into Kolleru Lake. In order to control the floods the river is dammed at Velagaleru village, Budameru diversion channel (BDC) is constructed from Velagaleru to join Krishna River upstream of Prakasam barrage. Budameru River is mainly controlled at two areas before reaching Vijayawada city. The first is the regulator across the Budameru drain at Velagaleru village and at Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) which is located on the western part of the city on the upstream of Prakasam barrage. The Budameru River apart from flowing along the western part of the city towards the VTPS also enters the city from the north leading into the Budameru canal which runs parallel to Eluru Canal. The problem starts at the tail end of the monsoon, with the reservoir being almost full (but not to its full capacity) and the occurrence of severe rainfall. Since the mandate of the regulator management at Budameru is to fill the reservoir to its capacity and the uncertainty within the rainfall information the release from the regulator drain block, water flow from local catchment causes flooding usually in the northern part of the city The uncertainty in the rainfall is a common phenomenon within the Krishna Basin. This is especially due to the depressions and cyclones which form in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. This uncertainty combined with the limited carrying capacity of the river and the proximity of the Velagaleru Village regulator provides low respite time for both the administrative personnel to prevent the floods and people to prevent their losses. The design and establishment of the EWS should take into account of this important aspect. The Budameru flood assessment is based on the study of topography and location information collected from secondary sources. There was not much information made available with respect to the regulator release at the Velagaleru Village. Budameru canal has already been indiscriminately blocked by developments and encroachments resulting in thousands of people abandoning their shelters to safe places, loss of property, leaving unhygienic environment for weeks. Settlement along the river course, the vast land pockets on both the sides of the rivulet in New Rajarajeswari Peta, and the Rajeev Nagar area are the prominent low lying areas prove to flood disaster. History Budameru Water discharge during floods Quantified Budameru Water discharge during floods Sl. No. Date Year Discharge Through Total Discharge in cusecs Budameru in cusecs Diversion Channel in Cusecs Budameru Course Cusecs (below reguletor) 1 9.9.62 5900 2923 8823 2 22.8.63 6150 6168 12318 3 22.9.64 11125 28470 39595 4 19.5.69 7500 18580 26080 5 21.8.71 526 3196 3722 6 10.8.76 2225 14784 17009 7 31.7.78 6150 16302 22452 8 6.10.83 4250 9600 13850 9 13.8.86 6800 13200 20000 10 23.7.89 10625 24371 34996 11 11.5.90 7800 24473 32273 12 23.9.91 7500 18572 26072 13 24.8.2000 7850 3699 11549 14 20.9.2005 10945 14000 24945 15 20.9.2005 9900 7100 17000 Source: Irrigation Dept Rainfall and Flood particulars Rainfall and Flood particulars Flood flow (Cusecs) Year Rainfall (MM) Flood flow (Cusecs) Actual Normal 1988-89 1264 1029 24371 1989-90 1580 1029 24473 1990-91 921 1029 18572 2005-06 1239 1034 14000 2008-09 1188 1034 7100 Reasons for Budameru Floods Flood plain While Krishna River flooding affects to the flood plains on the outside of the embankments, but the Budameru River affects the entire North and North western part of the city. This is mainly due to the limited carrying capacity of the Budameru river channel and lack of sufficient mechanisms to drain the excess water during severe rain into the Krishna River. The problem arises when Budameru catchment gets more than average rainfall within 24 48 hours. This leads to the reservoir in the Velagaleru village reach critical level forcing the irrigation department to release water causing floods in Vijayawada. Adding rain water from local catchment and Hills. 2. The settlements The population growth of the city has led to the slow movement of people towards the foot of the hills, which later led to expansion in to the flood zones. Even though much of these settlements are unauthorized the municipality attempts to cater to the basic needs of these illegal settlements by providing services such as roads, water supply and sanitation. These privileges have further encouraged the settlements in expanding in the high slope / risk prone areas. Other reasons Non feasible house constructions Silting of drains Back water due to conjution in storm water (HB colony, Bhavnipuram) Raising the road levels in flood path Occupying the flood bunds Cutting the bund for development activities like bus shelters, beautification etc (Singh Nagar) Less awareness about the situation and negligence about the problem among people. Besides this chocking storm rain water canals, sluice and back water also cause the Budameru flood severely and damage the lives and property Elevation details of probable Flood affected areas with Budameru Area Elevation Longitude Latitude Ajit Singh Nagar 75 Ft. 1603221.66 N 8003828.52 E Vambay Colony 68 Ft. 1603214.17 N 8003917.80 E R.R.Pet 72 Ft. 1603159.80 N 8003747.60 E Budameru at New R.R.Pet 67 Ft. 1603207.69 N 8003753.65 E Rajeev Nagar 67 Ft. 1603215.18 N 8003912.40 E R.R.Peta field 67 Ft. 1603243.98 N 8003725.68 E Jakkampudi 91 Ft. 1603501.71 N 8003655.58 E LBS Nagar 68 Ft. 1603259.87 N 8003655.58 E Andhra Patrika Colony 1603300.92 N 8003841.56 E Rajeev Nagar 64 Ft. 1603322.73 N 8003845.93 E LBS Nagar 68 Ft. 1603257.55 N 8003858.98 E List of Budameru flood effected areas Budameru effecting Areas S. No. population Area(Sq km) Circle Division Areas 1 7744.5 0.64 I 29 Rotary nagar, Ekalayvya nagar,Urmila subbarao nagar,ambedkar road,Kabela 2 7396.5 0.49 30 KLRao Nagar 7814.5 0.21 31 Deenadayal Nagar,Ambedkar nagar 4 7861 0.94 27 Ambedkar Road 5 15201 1.25 28 Housingboard colony, Labor colony Subtotal 46017.5 3.53 6 10 15 15355 0.33 2 36 Deenadayal Nagar,Ambedkar nagar 16 13023 0.56 49 Old RR Peta 17 14092 4.21 52

Intel The Corporation :: essays papers

Intel The Corporation "A corporation is a business that, although owned by one or more investors, legally has the rights and duties of an individual. Corporations have the right to buy, sell, and own property. Corporations may make legal contracts, hire and fire workers, set prices, and be sued, fined, and taxed. A business must obtain a charter of incorporation from a state legislature or Congress to be legally recognized as a corporation."(Watson, p211) While corporations didn't exist until the mid to late 1800s, the idea of the corporation had existed since the early 1600s. It all started with English merchants who started trading companies to help fund the early colonies. If the colonies thrived, the stockholders reaped in the profit. (Watson, p211) A corporation is started when a sole proprietorship, a one-owner business, that is the most common form of business institution in the US, or a partnership, an association of two or more people in order to run a business, decides that they don't want to be personally responsible for any loss the company might have. (Watson, p211) Or they might decide that they want the company to "live on" after they die, that is for the business to have "unlimited life". Since neither of these goals can be reached with a sole proprietorship, or a partnership, the owner (or owners, as the case may be) decide that he (they) want to "convert" their business to a corporation. The owner(s) file a charter of incorporation from the government to be legally recognized as a corporation. (Boyd, March, 99) The owner(s) then sell shares of stock, documents representing ownership in the corporation, to investors. These investors buy and sell the stock to small investors, or stockholders. Since there is no li mit to the number of shareholders to a company, the investors vote (for every share you own you get one vote) on a board of directors. The board of directors are in charge of hiring the people responsible for the every-day running of the corporation. These positions include, but are not limited to: the president, vice president, and other chief administrators. (Watson, p211-212) If a corporation reaps a profit, investors may receive a dividend, or a share of the monetary gain made by the company. The elected board of directors choose whether the money will go towards profit, expansion of the company, modernization of the company, or research and development.

Addiction to Drugs and Alcohol Essay -- Drugs, Alcohol Essays

There are many affects that drugs and alcohol can have on the body, and on the life of a person. Thousands of jobs, homes, and families are lost annually through the addictions of drugs and alcohol. Children grow up without parents, spouses are forced to raise their children as single parents, and grandparents become legal guardians for a second time, due to the effects of substance abuse and dependence. Exactly how addiction is defined and diagnosed is an on-going issue and one that will be discussed in this paper. While there are eleven different categories that substances are arranged, this paper will be focusing specifically on alcohol and cannabis. An estimated 126 million Americans over the age of 12 reported being ongoing alcohol drinkers in 2005 (Smith & Stevens, 2009). According to the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), over 42 thousand homeless adults over the age of 50 were admitted to substance abuse treatment in 2008, and sixty five percent were being treated for alcohol abuse (TEDS, 2010). Excessive alcohol consumption may have been accepted in the beginning of the twentieth century, but currently, a male who consumes more than 14 drinks in a week or more than four drinks day, and a woman who has more than 13 drinks a week 3 drinks on a day, is considered â€Å"at risk† of being an alcoholic (Burge & Schneider, 1999). Cannabis, better known as marijuana, is the most abused illegal drug in America (Smith & Stevens, 2009). It also had the highest level of abuse and dependence in 2005 with over 4.1 million people affected (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2006). Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette, known also as a joint or blunt, and is also used in a pipe or bong. There is a more potent and unpoll... ... Mendelson, J., & Mello, N. (Eds.). (1985). The diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism. New York: McGraw-Hill. National Institute on Drug Abuse, (2006). Marijuana. Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/marijuana.html Smith, R.L. & Stevens, P. (2009). Substance abuse and counseling. Theory and Practice. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007). The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/alcoholdrug/index.htm US Department of Justice (1988). Drug Enforcement Administration, "In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition" (Docket #86-22). Retrieved from http://drugwarfacts.org/cms/?q=node/30