Health Information Exchange

An electronic health record is a patient’s medical information stored elect-ronically instead of on paper. The concept has been around since the 1960s. Improvement of patient medical care was and is the catalyst for the electronic health record. There are several advantages to using electronic health records. For instance, access to patient medical records is not limited to the location of the paper chart, but is available at the patient point of care. The health care provider has up-to-date information regarding every aspect of the patients medical history. Including test results, medications, allergy information, ect. All of which are crucial for making informed medical decisions. Patient safety and better patient care are also advantages of the electronic health record. Illegible handwritten notes, orders, and prescriptions has been eliminated with the EHR. Now, reports to specialists or patients are comprehensible, professional, and easy to create. And because of the availability of more thorough clinical information, improved patient care is inevitable. Another advantage to the EHR is efficiency and financial savings. The elimination of paper charts alone can greatly reduce the costs of storage and retrieval for these charts. Another major source of growth in healthcare costs comes from medical imaging. Access to patients images in an EHR is an effective way to avoid duplicating expensive imaging procedures. Another cost to healthcare is the printing and mailing of checks. If all medical payment transactions were handled electronically, America could save up to $11 billion annually. For all these reasons that I have listed, I think that the advantages of Electronic Health Records far out weigh the disadvantages. The health care industry is rapidly evolving and the implementation of EHR is crucial in order for clinics and physicians to maintain extensive patient documentation to ensure that they meet†¦ Health Information Exchange An electronic health record is a patient’s medical information stored elect-ronically instead of on paper. The concept has been around since the 1960s. Improvement of patient medical care was and is the catalyst for the electronic health record. There are several advantages to using electronic health records. For instance, access to patient medical records is not limited to the location of the paper chart, but is available at the patient point of care. The health care provider has up-to-date information regarding every aspect of the patients medical history. Including test results, medications, allergy information, ect. All of which are crucial for making informed medical decisions. Patient safety and better patient care are also advantages of the electronic health record. Illegible handwritten notes, orders, and prescriptions has been eliminated with the EHR. Now, reports to specialists or patients are comprehensible, professional, and easy to create. And because of the availability of more thorough clinical information, improved patient care is inevitable. Another advantage to the EHR is efficiency and financial savings. The elimination of paper charts alone can greatly reduce the costs of storage and retrieval for these charts. Another major source of growth in healthcare costs comes from medical imaging. Access to patients images in an EHR is an effective way to avoid duplicating expensive imaging procedures. Another cost to healthcare is the printing and mailing of checks. If all medical payment transactions were handled electronically, America could save up to $11 billion annually. For all these reasons that I have listed, I think that the advantages of Electronic Health Records far out weigh the disadvantages. The health care industry is rapidly evolving and the implementation of EHR is crucial in order for clinics and physicians to maintain extensive patient documentation to ensure that they meet†¦

Old Fashion Technology Versus Modern Day Technology Essay

In today’s world everything is so much quicker, easier, and more convenient. When you have the technology right beneath your hands, why not take advantage of it? Even though the technology’s is much more expensive than the old fashion routine, not only is it worth it, but it’s also much more enjoyable. I prefer to take full advantage and use modern day technology rather then go back into time and try to accumulate what they did hundreds of years ago. Why shovel the snow in your driveway when you have the advantage to use a big, powerful snow blower. Dig inch by inch, by inch, and tossing the shoveled snow to new grounds instead of just walking your way through the snow and watching right in front of your eyes, the snow being thrown to the other side. Not only is it a lot quicker, more convenient, and easier, but it could also be much more effective in the long term. Such as, in today’s world many people suffer from bad backs when they get older because of the prior snow shoveling they’ve done in the past. It might not hurt when you’re a kid, but if you do it a lot, it could be very risky in the near future. So, why take the chance? The technology is right beneath your hands, the only thing may preventing you is the money. Another great explanation I would like to use and why I prefer to take full advantage of today’s modern day technology is the bread machine. Several years ago before my mother ever heard of the bread machine for your kitchen, she used to make bread the old fashion way. She didn’t mind making the bread, the only thing preventing her was time. Time was a big issue for her and she would rarely have any time to even dish out a piece of bread once a month on the dinner table for us. However, when she received a bread machine from my grandparents last Christmas, she’s now able to make bread every other day and although she misses making bread the old routine way, she claims she would never go back because the bread machine is much more convenient, quicker, easier, and time consuming for her. An excellent last explanation I would like to use and supporting using modern day technology rather than old fashion technology is the high powered boat and Jet Ski. Which is more convenient, quicker, and easier? The high powered  Jet Ski or this wooden canoe made in the 1970’s. Great question, but completely oblivious. Not only do you save many steps by using a high powered boat, you’re also accumulating great speeds which in result if your looking to get from Point A to Point B, becomes much more time consuming than the old fashion canoe. Preferably for me, the canoe isn’t very exciting. I find it very difficult to get everyone to paddle the boat at the same time, when one gets tried, another gets tired, then the last one or two people are dependant on getting that boat to Point B. I believe today’s modern day technology is amazing and I am very happy to be apart of it. Although the only thing preventing people from using modern day technology is the price, it’s definitely worth to have if you have the extra cash. Many elderly people prefer old fashion techniques because that was the way they were brought up, well I was brought up with this great technology beneath my hands so that brings me to take full advantage of it and I believe it’s time to move on. When something is much more time consuming to use, easier to equip, and saves you health risks in the near future, why not take advantage of it?

Abnormally Normal

All the college help websites say that the trick to a butt-kicking college essay is to be yourself. And yet, the whole point is to impress whosever reading it, because the overall goal is to stand out. I’ve been reading different samples, just trying to get a spark of inspiration (don’t worry, no plagiarism was involved), but to be honest, I can’t relate any of these â€Å"top-rated college essays† to my own life. I’ve never had a friend killed by a drunk driver, or a parent devoured by some horrific disease. I am not a Guitar Hero champion or a red headed, left-handed sextuplet. I am, for all intents and purposes, normal. Strange though†¦I never thought I would be saying that. A true Barbie fanatic as a child, my idea of normal was the â€Å"Pleasantville† household: a squeaky clean suburban house, 2 kids, a cat, high school sweetheart parents, a doctor/lawyer father and a stay-at-home mom of course. Growing up in an Ivy-league collegetown, there was certainly a lot of this around, which definitely colored my perception. But basically, I had the opposite of this. My house was, and still is, a hundred-year old death trap; there is a surplus of holes in the ceiling and in the walls, exposed electrical wiring, creaking with every step, and no railing on the stairs. My only siblings are my four dogs, which are really more like shedding babies; they cry, pee and poop all over the house, and occasionally bite, but you love them anyways. And then there’s my parents†¦I won’t say too much because I don’t want to embarrass them, but let’s just say they’re not the Barbie and Ken couple previously described. It was truly traumatic in my eleven-year old eyes; in my â€Å"the world revolves around me† phase, I thought I was the weirdo of the town. In my mind I was just the girl who wouldn’t invite anybody over or the girl with the dad who looks like Jack Skeleton (completely self-afflicted, by the way). Now as I am trying to write an interesting college admissions essay, and I read samples about watching somebody die, and am denied certain scholarships because I have never been a golf caddy, I, for the first time, realize how utterly â€Å"normal† I am. Maybe I live in less-desirable home, but we can afford to take amazing trips to Germany to visit family. Maybe I don’t have a litter box trained cat or a little sister, but I have four energetic fluff-balls that will always comfort me when I’m sad. Maybe I don’t have a mom who will make me a 4 star breakfast in the morning, but at the end of the day, I know that I have two loving parents that will help me proof read this essay and will continue to support me.

Management Accounting Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management Accounting Case Study - Assignment Example Lastly, this report looks at the financial position of the company and its capability to fund the project under consideration. The main strengths of Moonsnail Soapworks are: its unique selling proposition; high quality, all natural and handmade products; intensive product development effort; strong brand equity; and strategic marketing and location. Moonsnail Soapworks suffers from weaknesses which includes Ms. Ridgway's inadequate knowledge in management and the company's exposure to losses from product obsolescence. Opportunities abound for Moonsnail. The major opportunity for the company is the introduction of additional products to broaden and lengthen the product line and widen its customer base. As customers are becoming more and more concerned with having a natural lifestyle, it is expected that they will seek for product offerings like the ones provided by Moonsnail. The firm should also maximize the use of the internet to efficiently market its products. The major threat for Moonsnail is the unstable tourist arrival due to external circumstances. Another is the rising prices in oil prices which can further dampen the demand for tourism activities. Moonsnail is financially capable of investing in Moon Baby Cream. The company is records remarkable profitability, high efficiency, and liquidity. Its huge cash account can be utilized to introduce its new product. One of the biggest challenges faced by business organ... Conclusion 12 References 13 Appendix 14 I. Introduction One of the biggest challenges faced by business organizations is decision making. Through this feat, the company chose among a host of possible opportunities to take advantage of and shapes its future. In decision making, a firm critically assesses possible alternatives to determine which course of action will bring maximum benefits at the same time helping the company in realizing its vision. It is imperative that in coming up with a business decision, an organization looks at its competitive position to efficiently determine if it is ready to undertake a significant move. Another factor which is equally important to take into consideration is the firm's financial position and readiness as financial resources are always needed to back company projects like product introduction. This report will examine the most pressing issue faced by Moonsnail Soapworks-the introduction of a new product called Moon Baby Cream. As stated previously, the readiness of the company to launch a product can be assessed by looking at the competitive performance and the financial position of the business organization. The next section will then take a closer look at the company by employing frameworks which are designed to determine the internal strengths and weaknesses of the Moonsnail as well as its external environment. The financial position of the firm will also be examined through ratio analysis. Lastly, the feasibility and profitability of introducing Moon Baby Cream is also analyzed through cost and benefit analysis. This report will conclude with its recommendations. II. Moonsnail Soapworks: Competitive Position SWOT Analysis SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses,

Edit the essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edit the - Essay Example Adolescent girls today face a lot of confusion on dating and relationships, which was not experienced by young women in earlier generations. The older women today when they were growing up not allowed involving themselves in any sexual activity as it was taboo in most of the communities for girls to associate with boys at that tender age. This was advantageous to the girls since they eased away from the confusion about dating and pre-marital sex, which is now the biggest source of frustration for the teenagers. The teen girls disclosed that after their bodies have changed and have started to mature, they do experience the desire for affection toward men. As a result most of them engage in premature relationships where they end up being hurt since they usually lead to break-ups. Others end up being pregnant and they find a lot of frustration about the state of their bodies, which they never expected. Since at this age they do not have adequate education on sexuality and are not prepar ed psychologically, physically and financially to have a baby, they end up being depressed. The consequences of this is abortions and babies being born and thrown away or even sold to people with bad motives. All these problems of relationships and sexuality make it difficult for the young girls to maneuver smoothly through this stage of adolescence .Some of the immature adolescence have ended up in the hands of wrong people. Such wrong people have done evil things to them, like cold murder, robbing and even raping them. Such cases been reported in many instances, people like criminals have taken advantages for them luring them with cheap gifts and ends up doing to them all those evils. In the past, young women tended to move from childhood to adulthood directly, and marriage, done at an early age, this acted as the turning point. After marriage, the woman adopted all adult responsibilities and would start her household immediately. The situation today has

Business Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Administration - Research Paper Example The company endeavors to achieve this success. Guaranteeing customers 100 percent customer satisfaction. Contracting value oriented distributors so as to insure a value friendly service to our deemed customers. Constantly training our distributors to ensure that they are equipped with the necessary knowledge. Provide high quality products branded with our company logo so as to differentiate them from those of our competitors. Highlights 1.6 Objectives To open and operate a successful distribution shop in the New-York city which will employ more full time employees after the first year of operation. Achieve first year sales of $100,000 Maintain an average gross margin of 20 per cent Produce a net profit of at least 20,000 by the end of the second year of operation 1.7 Keys to success Innovative quality products Access to various manufacturers in India and China The principal owner being students will have an upper hand in distributing the products across the institutions of higher learning in the United States Fully integrated programs to help customers increase sales through creative promotions, advertising and cost marketing materials. 2.0 COMPANY SUMMARY Ones tone kitchenware is a new company located in New York and will be established on the basis of the following plan. 2.1 Company ownership One stone kitchenware is a privately owned company in total by the founders Davis Jones and Kelly Mark 2.2 Start up summary The start up expenses total $15,000 and include expenses such as advertising, equipment, IT facilities, legal health and safety regulations. Start up asset include $10,000 cash requirements $17,000 and $50,000 office furniture and starting inventory respectively. These starts up costs will be financed through a loan from...Onestone needs to create awareness to the retailer and the consumer through advertisements in newspapers made and network of salaries and common based sales representatives. Kitchenware products as an industry are a very mature industry that is a crowded with many suppliers and distributors. However many of these suppliers and distributors concentrate on electrical products hence we sell that by concentrating on efforts on non-electrical kitchen products we will acquire a sufficient market share over the next five years. Our initial start up cost will amount to x,000 of which P,000 will be used to rent operating premises purchase equipment install IT facilities, pay insurance for our shop and for the premises and for other health and safety registration. The balance will be used to create awareness to our deemed customers. The start up expenses total $15,000 and include expenses such as advertising, equipment, IT facilities, legal health and safety regulations. Start up asset include $10,000 cash requirements $17,000 and $50,000 office furniture and starting inventory respectively. One stone has identified five unique types of non-electrical kitchenware whose demand is very high in the United States and more especially among students in the institutions of high

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Interview - Essay Example One of her first jobs is to work at a call center of a cellular phone company. She made $9 per hour then. She worked graveyard shifts, and she complained that the schedule and target goals were very stressful and exhausting. After only three months, she decided to shift to becoming a pre-school teacher. She finished BS Mathematics and she enjoyed it. But she realized that she wanted to also become a pre-school teacher. For the next three years, she took Early Childhood and Education programs. After she finished the programs, she applied for a public school in our community and she got hired. Right now, she is still a pre-school teacher and loving her job. She makes around $30,000 every year. She is now pursuing her MA in Early Childhood Education. Teachers are not superheroes; they are human beings with likes and dislikes in this world. She said that as a girl, their family had two dogs, three cats, two rabbits, and two hamsters. The most special pet for her was Britney, their white cat with blue eyes and bunny tail. She is special, because she seems to be aware of her limits as a pet. Janice said: â€Å"Brit is the sweetest cat ever, and she never pounces on food, unless it is given to her. And you can just feel that she loves you so much, when she brushes on your legs.† Like other people, Janice tries to avoid some things, but she ends up doing them. She said that some of the things that she is doing that she said she would never do are eating another slice of chocolate cake, and spending more time playing CastleVille than originally planned. She admitted being â€Å"partially addicted† to both. Janice stresses that she hates long lines, traffic, and young people who disrespect their parents. Some of the best things that Janice loves about her life right now are that she can do anything she wants, because she is still single and she does not have to be encumbered with the responsibilities of being a

Organizational Change through Leadership- Electronic Healthcare Assignment

Organizational Change through Leadership- Electronic Healthcare Records Implementation - Assignment Example The implementation of the Electronic Health Record System was the proposed change in the organization. The change was expected to improve the healthcare center problems and contribute to its growth and development (Overhage, Evans and Marchibroda, 2005). b. Methods or processes employed Many methods were employed in identifying the problem. Firstly, the hospital experienced a significant delay in providing patients’ information on time especially with large numbers of patients. The delay in registering patients and issuing of relevant documents contributed to a delay in the provision of medical services the resulted into loss of many lives. Secondly, the hospital offices were extremely small to accommodate large volumes of files containing each patient’s, doctors, and other staff information. The organization management had to come up with a computerized method of record keeping to get rid of manual files. Thirdly, the high competition in the healthcare industry forces healthcare centers to adopt the most recent technology in order to attract more customers. Most people prefer healthcare centers that are fully equipped electronically and technologically because they stand a better chance of dealing with all types of sicknesses. c. Significance of the problem The implementation of Electronic Health Records System (EHRS) will bring about a lot of progress in the health sector. The program will lead to the advancement in the health center by introducing an efficient and reliable record keeping method. Health Information Technology systems make use of the data required in the improvement and protection of population health by the policy makers, physicians, and health service users. Presence of relevant technology on human and health services assists the both affected and infected people in many ways and saves them both time and money (Health & Development Information Team, 2005). EHRS will also contribute a lot in the health sector whereby an individu al can easily take his or her medical records by the bedside. In addition, the implementation of EHRS will also enable physicians diagnose various diseases comfortably since they just ask questions and input data in the computer after which, they easily do the analysis. 2. State the need for and rationale for change   Literature/evidence supporting change According to Institute of Medicine (2000), health information technology has a lot of significance in the healthcare industry through improving delivery of healthcare services. Health Information Technology plays a significant role in implementing changes within the healthcare industry using many processes. In the past, healthcare services in United States were prone to a lot of errors, poor quality services, and lacked consumer confidence (Berner, Detmer and Simborg, 2005). The implementation of EHRS will assist in eliminating the above problems and making the healthcare industry more technologically advanced. Moreover, the need for change among many organizations is driven by the high rate of globalization and information technology advancement (Eason, 1988). On the other hand, the manual process of keeping health records is cumbersome and time consuming. Healthcare centers using manual means of keeping records have a problem marinating their customers and staff (Ingram & Lavery, 2009). The main aim of utilizing technology is making work easier and saving time to do work. Software manufacturers are competent enough to

Overview to the Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview to the Markets - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of their trading background, investment style, performance and viewpoints about the stock markets. Market Approach- Philosophy, Methodology and Management Style Larry Williams began to follow markets in 1962 after the Kennedy market crash, realizing that he could have taken the advantage of the crash by taking short position. He has been known as one of the best short-term traders who also had a passion for writing, evident in his published books such as ‘How to Prosper in the Coming Good Years’ and ‘The Secret of Selecting Stocks’(Ireallytrade-a, 2011). He mostly trades in commodities and derivatives and chooses his assets based on their technicals. He has provided various indicators such as Ultimate Oscillator, value measurements and William %R for commodity prices. William %R is a standard momentum indicator and still provided by many websites such MSDN Microsoft and Yahoo Finance (figure 1). In his books titled ‘ Long-term Secrets to Short-term Trading’ and ‘how I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’, Larry Williams has given his insights in commodity trading. In 1987, he won Futures trading World Cup Championship sponsored by Robbins Trading Company but many people considered his winning to be controversial (Strupp, 1999). In 1989 National Futures Association complained that Larry Williams had engaged himself in misleading advertising and lied about his investment record. He was then allowed to be NFA’s board member despite his campaign against NFA for overregulation (Greising & Morse, 1991, p.163). Figure 1: William %R Indicator (Source: MSDN Microsoft, 2011) John Templeton started his career as a Wall Street investor in 1958 and laid the foundation of one of the most successful mutual funds. He had varied investment philosophy from ‘buy low and sell high’ to ‘extreme pessimism’ by picking bottom-hitting companies (Joh n Templeton Foundation, 2010). His investment style can be best described as ‘Global Contrarian’ in which the investor can profit from mispricing caused by certain crowd behaviour. His investment decisions were based on fundamental analysis. He was regarded as the greatest stock picker by money magazine in 1999 (Green, 1999). In 2005, he predicted the housing market crash to be within five years (Ruddy, 2005). Investment Background & Performance Larry R. Williams has written dozens of books since 1980 which became best sellers. His credibility was established when he correctly predicted bullish market when others were expecting a slowdown. His trading style relies on the timing tools and indicators that he has personally developed such as Will Go indicator, Ultimate Oscillator, William %R and COT Reports (Commitment of Traders reports). The COT report indicates the activities of commercials, small and large traders. Figure 1 shows a typical COT index of Gold. Figure 2: COT index of Gold (Source: Ireallytrade-b, 2011) Larry Williams also provides educational materials through Trend TV and Larry Williams University. His methods are followed by lot of people who have made money but they are risky too. Therefore Larry Williams himself never give assurance that there will always be profits and never losses. He also does not believe in buy-and-hold policy. From his book ‘How I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’

Commercial Leases Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Commercial Leases - Case Study Example Among these are grounds where the tenant has failed to pay the rent or meet other lease obligations, but the landlord may also seek possession on certain specific grounds where the tenant is not "at fault". High Street Properties Ltd (HSP) would be the landlord of shopping parade in South West London by purchase. To modernisation and refurbishment to improve the rents HSP may send a notice under Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 and The LTA 11954, Part 2 (Notices) Regulations 2004. Tenants have lots of provision to protect it. This question raises some issues from commercial lease. In order to answer this question it is necessary to discuss landlord's rights against lease property, tenant's right, and forfeiture of terms of lease contract. High Street Properties Ltd (HSP) intends to purchase and refurbish a shopping parade in South West London built in the 1930s from another property investment company. The properties need modernisation and refurbishment to improve the rents significantly. HSP 2 has to consider the terms of the contract, covenant of the commercial lease contract. From the question it is clear that the High Street Properties Ltd will not be the original contracting party. Thus it also required checking with if there are any Sub-lets among the tenants. HSP should establish 'privity of estate' with the tenants by purchasing the shopping parade. However, here it is important when HSP intends to purchase. If HSP intends to purchase before June 2004, they will seek Part II of the LTA 1954. Otherwise, HSP has to follow The Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, Part 2 (Notices) Regulations 2004 because from 1 June 2004, substantial changes to the legislation relating to business tenancies will come into effect. The Artical "Analysing the Changes 3" by JOYCE, J.' 2005 questioned law and surveying professional as to their opinion on the amandments introduced. The article provides the results from a survey, which was sent to members of the Property Litigation Association, the Royal Institute of chartered surveyor and the Chancery Bar Association. Of the two hundred and thirty one responses recieved the majority of respondents had felt the amendments had been successful and were easy to implement. They amount to the most radical amendment to this legislation, since it was introduced 50 years ago. The LRA 4 1967 has a significant effect. But this question of fact completely ignore about the era or year. So in this require discussing all the possible circumstance. a) First of all HSP will be determined whether they are business tenant or not. Royal Life Saving Society v Page 5 In this case Court determined who would be the business tenant. The Court held that the doctor's professional use was incidental to his residential use. In Street v Mountford 6 Lord Templeman suggested that there are three characteristics of a lease, these are exclusive possession, a determinate period, for a rent or other consideration. Exclusive possession means that the tenant has control over any one who enters the premises and can exclude everyone, including the landlord. BELL, C.D., 2002. GARNER, S., and FRITH, A., 2004 define the essential elements of Business tenancy. In Cheryl Investments Ltd v Saldanha 7 the court held that this was a business tenancy as

French Philosophers Essay Example for Free

French Philosophers Essay MONTAIGNE Montaigne is both a literary writer and a philosopher a humanist. Montaigne’s essays: cover a loto f topics without claiming to provide a definitive or an absolute truth about these topics: â€Å"We have no communication with being†, Essays, II, 12 The Problem of Truth Being is not accessible for a finite being as we (men) are. Senses or reason are not criteria of truth. Sense is no criteria since its always changing and reason is no criteria also because we only have access to appeareances, which also change. Things are always changing. They are in a perpetual movement : The only â€Å"thing† we are directly in relation with is ourselves. The â€Å"I† is constantly changing, is in a perpetual movement and it is not self-centred or an egocentric character it is the first step to explore the whole world. He is emblematic of the rebirth of SCEPTICISM. Scepticism is the position that says that it is impossible to know anything because all the propositions are equal. For skeptics there’s no criteria for thruth. 3 Main Principles A) Epoche = â€Å"suspending judgement† when you are not sure of what you are saying. The Greek word epoche means to check, cease, suspend, stop, or pause in some activity that otherwise or normally occurs. The sceptic suspends his judgment for default of a good reason for exercising it. The dogmatist asserts that something is true. B) Relativism = all points of view are equally valid. C) Isosthenia = the equality of strength of two opposing arguments. Sceptism is more a process than a result, is more a methodology. Descartes Dogmatism, Rationalism and Dualism 1. Dogmatism comes from the greek word â€Å"dogma†(opinion or belief) Common and pejorative sense: the tendency to lay down principles as undeniably true, without consideration of evidence or the opinion of others. Philosophical meaning: doctrine that asserts that man is able to get to the  truth or, in other words, that man is able to attain absolute truths and certainty of knowing (Opposite of Skepticism). Descartes is dogmatic since he believes that we can get to absolute certainty, what he calls evidence or clear perceptions(intelectual perception, the one you can get through the eyes of mind, not the eyes of body). We can reach the truth. Reason is unique and ultimate source of truth. 2.Rationalism: REASON versus senses. Reason is the chief source and test of knowledge. Rationalism is based on deduction (versus induction). ln that sense, it is opposed to empiricism: the theory of knowledge which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience Knowledge is an activity of our mind that applies itself to identify the figures and the properties that essentially constitutes one thing (Text 3 Wax argument) Dream argument: ln our dreams our sensations are sometimes so strong that everything is going as if we were awake (whereas in fact we are not) Our senses are deceitful: we can’t trust them ; only reason can be trusted Wax argument: Knowledge ≠  observing its empirical qualities. Knowledge is an activity of our mind that applies itself to identify the figures and the properties that essentially constitute one thing. Cogito, ergo sum: essential link between thought and humanity.Thinking is the only proof of my existence and it is also my essence; both are simultaneous. I prove my existence by my essence (versus accidental qualities). Moreover, thinking is a property that only men possess.ïÆ'   animals are not able to think and that’s also why they are not able to speak (text 5). 3. Dualism: In philosophy of mind, dualism is a view about the relationship between mind and matter which claims that mind and matter are two ontologically separate categories. It is opposed to monism: philosophical view according to which everything can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance. â€Å"I am not only lodged in my body as a pilot in a vessel† This sentence shows that Descartes also tries to think the union and the connection of mind and body in the human being that we are Rousseau (Enlightment) Rousseau has a contractualist or contractarian approach of society: he conceives it as an invention or as an artifice. Legitimate authority of government must derive from the consent of the governed ïÆ'  Society doesn’t exist by nature. contractualism is opposed to naturalism, The state of nature: the one that exists before the invention of society. Rousseau does not think that this state really existed. It is methodological: the state of nature aims to understand and to evaluate the civil state we are actually living in. Why is the state of nature so good? State of nature is defined by pity and self-loved. Considers that man in the state of nature are not leaving together and are independent. According to Rousseau, the state of nature is a state of self-sufficiency in which every man is equal. On the contrary, civil state introduces: property, inequality, love of self That’s why it is a perversion and a degradation of our natural condition Different from Hobbes: Hobbes argues that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind. From this equality, everyone is naturally in competition with one another (copiar resto) Love of self: always comparing yourself to the other and trying to see what you can do to be better†¨ Self Love: you always give your 100% He is not saying we should return to the state of nature. He considers the  state of nature as a moral value in order to evaluate society. Human Nature 2 essential properties: 1) PERFECTIBILITY or faculty of improvement (Text 2) Perfectibility draws men out of this original condition and gives him adaptability. At the same time, perfectibility is responsible for the evill. 2) FREEDOM (Text 1). Nature and instinct (beast) are here opposed to freedom. Nature and instinct are here opposed to freedom. Dog cant go against his instinct, if he is hungry for example. freedom is the equivalent of what we call â€Å"autonomy† If society perverts humankind, but if, at the same time, man doesn’t have to return to a state of nature, this is because his essential properties (freedom and perfectibility) imply to divorce from nature Difference of DEGREE between men and beast. Men, like animals, are also able to form ideas but they are more complex than the ones animals could form. There is a difference in terms of nature since men are free and animals follow their instinct. Freedom is the ability of choice. We are able to determine ourselves to act and not to be passive in front of each situation. Freedom is the equivalent to what we call autonomy 4. The Social Contract This legitimate political authority comes from a social contract agreed upon by all citizens for their mutual preservation. (1) The collective grouping of all citizens = the â€Å"sovereign† (it is like an individual person). As the sovereign entirely proceeds from our will: â€Å"each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody† (text 4). Obeying the contract coincides with obeying ourselves and that’s precisely what Rousseau calls  « autonomy  » The concept of â€Å"general will† End of Text 4 The general will is the common interest. Even if it proceeds from the particular wills of every citizens, it is more than the collection of particular wills The general will finds its clearest expression in the general and abstract laws of the state

Washington Irvings Rip Van Winkle Essay Example for Free

Washington Irvings Rip Van Winkle Essay Irvings Rip Van Winkle shows distinct characteristics of romanticism throughout. Irvings unusual and original subject and the descriptions of nature, displays these romantic qualities of originality, connection with nature and an emotional sincerity. Rip van winkle is about a man who goes deep into the woods one day to go hunting. Rip some one calling his name and is led to strange men. What seemed particularly odd to Rip was, that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Rip drinks some ale and falls asleep. He wakes up twenty years later not knowing time has passed by. This strange plotline is very romantic. It would be impossible for someone to fall asleep for twenty years and still be living. It goes against the nature of science. Most of the stories of the time written by men were historical. Although Irvings attempts to make his story seem true by referring to historical documents, it is too strange to be real. Another distinct romantic quality of Rip Van Winkle is the detailed descriptions of nature in the story such as the Catskill mountains and the Hudson river. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, with the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands. On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. For some time Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village Irving uses dreamy words such as majestic and lordly which suggest a presence of God. God created nature and is the cause for the cycle  of it. The magnificent description of the nature is almost like a heaven and with the presence of god, again shows the unusual and strange aspect of romanticism in the story. The tale of Rip Van Winkle is mysterious and leaves the reader wondering if it really happened. As Irvings other stories The Devil and Tom Walker and Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle has an curious plotline and in depth description of nature. It is extremely romantic and one of the first of its kind.

Comparison and Contrast between schools of thought

Comparison and Contrast between schools of thought As organizations grew and became more complex, there arouse a need for systematic understanding of how to manage the overall process of getting things done through other people. To define management in the words of Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims. Management is not as rigid as science nor is it a form of art; it is an inexact science and an applied art. It is a goal oriented process that is pervasive and multi-dimensional. Management has a vast spectrum of theories .management is divided into two major divisions, the classical school of thoughts and the Neo classical school of thoughts. The classical school encompasses Scientific Management of Taylor, Administrative Management of Fayol, and Bureaucratic Organization of Weber. The Neo-Classical Theory includes the Human Relations Movement of Mayo along with Dickson and a few others. And the Behavioral Schools of Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg etc. The aim of this essay is to bring out the differences and similarities between the theories of the Scientific School of thoughts and the Behavioral school of thoughts. The basis of contrast and comparison will be the worker and the views of these schools of thought on handling and controlling the workforce as well as the workplace and the different ways in which they get things done through people. Fredrick Winslow Taylor, a trained engineer known as the father of scientific management or Taylorism noticed the differences in the labor productivity which were driven by various causes such as talent, skills, intelligence or motive. He believed that there was only one best way of performing any task. Scientific management called for simplification but specialization of work tasks. Taylor held out that even the most basic, mindless task could be planned in such a way that would drastically increase productivity and that scientifically managing the workers was more effective than the initiative and incentive method of motivating workers. He carried out various studies such as the time study, motion study and studied the various movements of the workers and in order to reduce wastage. F.W.Taylor introduced the piece rate system, under which every worker was paid a fixed piece rate for each unit produced. Henri Fayol was French mining engineer and a management theorist who has incalculably contributed to the modern concepts of management. He proposed six primary functions and 14 principles of management; they were highly influential in the classical school of management and are prime examples of the tenets of the classical approach to management. But the primary functions as well as the 14 principles were more task oriented rather than people oriented. Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist, who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself. Bureaucracy arose by sub-dividing the functions that the owner-managers originally did themselves such as supervision, personnel selection, accounting and financial management, record keeping, job design, and planning. Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist, the founder of Human Relations Movement and is known for his research including the Hawthorne Studies. The Hawthorne Studies of the 1930s showed the importance of groups in affecting the behavior of individuals at work. This study enabled him to drive at conclusions about how a manager should behave. He carried out numerous experiments on how to increase and improve productivity. He found out that when workers work in informal groups their work satisfaction varied to large extent. The human relations movement deemed that humans are motivated by social needs and work well when they are put in a group or as a team that is socially bound; the primary concern of any organization must be the satisfaction of social needs, only when an individual is socially satisfied will he be able to work effectively hence organizations are regarded as the co-operative social systems in which informal groups have a substant ial effect on productivity. Abraham Maslow a professor of psychology at Brandeis University founded humanistic psychology and created Maslows hierarchy of needs. At the bottom of the pyramid is the Basic needs or Physiological needs, the next level is safety needs. The third level of need is the need of being loved. The fourth level is achieved only when individuals are happy with what they have accomplished and are comfortable with it known as the Esteem level. The top of the pyramid is the need for self actualization. Douglas McGregor was the creator and developer of Theory X and Theory Y that are known as the theories of human motivation. They describe two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. McGregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. He also thought that the key to connecting self-actualization with work is determined by the managerial trust of subordinates. The similarity between scientific school and behavioral school was that they both wanted to increase productivity by increasing the efficiency of the workers. On the course of Taylors pragmatic studies, he came across concepts that were not in common use in those days. One of it was the rest intervals; workers were taught to take rest intervals quite often which as a result increased production ironically. One of the variables Mayo and his colleagues studied after conducting the Hawthorne studies were the impact of rest intervals. These rest intervals increased the productivity of the workers. One of the key principles introduced by Taylor was Co-operation, not Individualism, which emphasized on team work rather than individuals performing tasks all alone. After conducting the Hawthorne studies Mayo concluded that the individuals whom he studied worked better when they were put in a group hence, opted for team work. Behavioral school holds that there must be a fusion between human needs and organizational goals. Every worker must understand that when an organizational goal is achieved it leads to fulfillment of their personal needs. The same idea is reflected in one of the principles conferred by Fayol.The principle subordination of individual needs to general needs explains that efforts must be made to reconcile individual interests with common interests. Thought it explains that employees interest must not prevail over the organization as a whole. Both the school of thoughts concludes that peoples interest is secondary to organizational goals. One of the principles contributed by Henri Fayol is esprit de corps which means team work. The management should never use the policy of divide and rule rather it should use the concept team work which in return increases production and satisfaction of workers. In the 1930s,after conducting the Hawthorne studies, Mayo and his colleagues concluded that people worked in a more effective and efficient manner when put in groups together. Team work promotes co-operation between the workers and as a team together they could work for the accomplishment of organizational goals. The main criticism of scientific approach is that it avoids the human element in production and is devoid of human touch. It treats workers as machines, factors of production rather than human beings. On the contrary behavioral approach was more concerned about human behavior and stated performance itself was not a product of working conditions but a bundle of feelings, attitudes and sentiments. Special attention and opportunity to express their feelings causes them to work in a more effective manner. Scientific management is based on the assumption that humans are rational and are mainly motivated by money. They strongly believed that people were motivated by physical and economic needs and disregarded social needs. On the other hand behavioral school stood at people are motivated only by social needs and not by money. Behavioral school considers one as a manager if he has human skills. It overlooks the other factor that builds the managerial qualification in a person. Whereas, scientific school strongly believes that a manager should have the following qualities. They are physical health, mental ability, moral, general education, special knowledge and experience. Behavioral school opts for social environment in the workplace particularly informal work group, interpersonal and in-group relations between employees and managers influences the workers behavior and performance in a positive way. Scientific management suggested a superior-subordinate relationship i.e. a formal organization Taylors motive was to increase productivity; his perspective was egronomical but not psychological, however being in contrast with Taylor, Mayo did not exterminate the informal organization, instead he tried to create stability amid the official and informal organization. After studying the scientific school and behavioral school of thoughts, the theories contributed by Henri Fayol stands to be my favorite theories and principles. He analyzed managerial jobs in a series of functions which were to be performed by all managers in all organizations. The functions that constitute the managerial functions are: Planning, Organizing, Directing, Staffing and Controlling. In addition to the managerial functions, he introduced 14 general principles of management that helped the managers to effectively manage the work environment. All his principles are universally accepted. All organizations face the problem of making optimum utilization of scarce resources. Therefore, these functions and principles are applicable to all sorts of organizations. Fayol believed that on the job experience method of learning is not adequate. Therefore, he suggested formal management training. Though both the schools of thoughts had two different approaches their aim was to maximize production in a more efficient way. Both the schools undertook very different ways to accomplish their goals. Thus, it can be concluded that an organization can apply the theories that belong to one school or both in order to excel production through increased efficiency. Scientific management and human relations go hand in hand and one is not less superior to the other. dd u do yu online a/c test? http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs455.snc4/49919_1661875195_6869938_q.jpg 6:44pm nope ! we all doin it in uni tomm ! http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs223.ash2/48905_1196147190_1324038_q.jpg 6:44pm umm..ok http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs455.snc4/49919_1661875195_6869938_q.jpg 6:45pm u ? http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs223.ash2/48905_1196147190_1324038_q.jpg 6:45pm evn b4 i opned it stated dat d paoer cn b atempted onli once :(:( http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs455.snc4/49919_1661875195_6869938_q.jpg 6:46pm wat ? dummy only u r for takn it serious :p:p so i ws rite :P:P http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs223.ash2/48905_1196147190_1324038_q.jpg 6:50pm :(:( http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs455.snc4/49919_1661875195_6869938_q.jpg 6:51pm awwwwhhh .. dont be sad :P:P dummy :P:P ur a cute dummy ;);) :D:D hwz dat :P:P ? http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs223.ash2/48905_1196147190_1324038_q.jpg 6:51pm shaap! dummy only u r for takn it serious :p:p so i ws rite :P:P http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs223.ash2/48905_1196147190_1324038_q.jpg 6:50pm :(:( http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs455.snc4/49919_1661875195_6869938_q.jpg 6:51pm awwwwhhh .. dont be sad :P:P dummy :P:P ur a cute dummy ;);) :D:D hwz dat :P:P ? http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/hs223.ash2/48905_1196147190_1324038_q.jpg 6:51pm shaap!

The Rise of Silas Lapham :: Rise Silas Lapham Essays

The Rise of Silas Lapham The virtue of the novel according to Howells lies in its formal amplitude, its ability to encompass all things, and connect all humanity. The aim of the realistic novel is to "widen the bounds of sympathy" and to proclaim the "equality of things and the unity of men." Look at the above in light of the argument Tom Corey has w/ himself after Lapham's outpouring of shame and self abasement following the disastrous dinner party. Are you convinced? What is at stake? In what way is this a turning point? (p. 197) Corey does not lower himself to Lapham's level, but rather reaffirms to himself his superiority over Lapham. He realizes the importance of maintaining his place in society in relation to Lapham, but also must "think the best of Lapham" if he plans to marry his daughter. Lapham's uncouth showing of humility reminds him of the dinner party fiasco, and likens him to the "plebeian" porter with his "gross appetites," "blunt sense," and "stupid arrogance." Despite his feelings of reproach for Lapham's behavior, it is his love for Pen which makes him see the positive side of the situation: "he knew at the bottom of his heart that which must control him last., and which seemed sweetly to be suffering his rebellion, secure of his submission in the end. It was almost with the girl's voice that it seemed to plead with him..." Pen, of course, is the one suffering his rebellion, and his rebellion is his urge to reject her for her father's low demeanor. Yet this passage is Corey's turning point, where he cements the idea that to love this girl, and love her he must, certain societal sacrifices must be made. The though of Pen works to "set all things in another and fairer light." It is then that Corey realizes the nobility in Lapham's seemingly base humility. He is able to see Lapham's outpouring of shame as something respectable and honorable that would never be found in a person of "society. The Rise of Silas Lapham :: Rise Silas Lapham Essays The Rise of Silas Lapham The virtue of the novel according to Howells lies in its formal amplitude, its ability to encompass all things, and connect all humanity. The aim of the realistic novel is to "widen the bounds of sympathy" and to proclaim the "equality of things and the unity of men." Look at the above in light of the argument Tom Corey has w/ himself after Lapham's outpouring of shame and self abasement following the disastrous dinner party. Are you convinced? What is at stake? In what way is this a turning point? (p. 197) Corey does not lower himself to Lapham's level, but rather reaffirms to himself his superiority over Lapham. He realizes the importance of maintaining his place in society in relation to Lapham, but also must "think the best of Lapham" if he plans to marry his daughter. Lapham's uncouth showing of humility reminds him of the dinner party fiasco, and likens him to the "plebeian" porter with his "gross appetites," "blunt sense," and "stupid arrogance." Despite his feelings of reproach for Lapham's behavior, it is his love for Pen which makes him see the positive side of the situation: "he knew at the bottom of his heart that which must control him last., and which seemed sweetly to be suffering his rebellion, secure of his submission in the end. It was almost with the girl's voice that it seemed to plead with him..." Pen, of course, is the one suffering his rebellion, and his rebellion is his urge to reject her for her father's low demeanor. Yet this passage is Corey's turning point, where he cements the idea that to love this girl, and love her he must, certain societal sacrifices must be made. The though of Pen works to "set all things in another and fairer light." It is then that Corey realizes the nobility in Lapham's seemingly base humility. He is able to see Lapham's outpouring of shame as something respectable and honorable that would never be found in a person of "society.

The Change in Obstetric Care in the United States :: Evolution Childbirth America

Imagine for a moment a small room with pale green walls, and smelling of latex and disinfectant. The sharp light of fluorescent bulbs gives the space a harsh unnatural glow. A woman is lying on a metal bed: covered by a flimsy sheet, legs uncomfortably splayed open, feet in stirrups. A doctor and an entourage of residents enter the room in white coats. The doctor snaps on a pair of latex gloves, looks and feels between the woman’s legs, announces everything is moving "right on schedule," and hurries out the door, on to another patient. The woman is left wondering, among other things, what "on schedule" means. It doesn’t sound very pleasant, but for years this was what it was like to give birth in an American hospital. And, for many women, it is still true today. Just add to the situation a fetal monitor to measure the baby’s heart rate, an intravenous drip into the mother’s arm, an ultrasound machine, a catheter to collect the mother’s urine, surgical instruments for performing an episiotomy before delivery (an incision made to widen the vaginal opening), and various other technological devices, "just in case." While they can be helpful in certain situations, such as high-risk births, these things can impede the natural process of labor. In this paper, I will examine three distinct stages of obstetric care in the United States. By looking at the stages, you can see the evolution of childbirth in our country as it developed from a female- to a male-dominated field, and how it is now beginning to break away from some of the traditional medical methods that have been used for over 50 years. However, this break is not complete. Even with today’s woman having more power than ever in her decision making, we as Americans still can’t seem to get away from the technology used in childbirth, even though much of it is unnecessary and can sometimes even be detrimental. For the past 100 years, our view of pregnancy and childbirth has evolved into seeing it as a condition or sickness that needs to be controlled and treated by modern medicine. The first stage of OB care took place before and during the 19th century. In that time, obstetrics was a field dominated by women, almost entirely midwives. Almost all physicians were male, but for the most part, obstetrics was not studied in medical school.

Notes from Underground Essay -- Book Review, Dostoyevsky

One word that has come to represent the mid-18th century Enlightenment movement is â€Å"Reason†. The French philosophes believed that reason could provide critical, informed, scientific solutions to social issues and problems, and essentially improve the human condition. Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground is one of the most famous anti-Enlightenment novels for its rejection of these very notions. Through this novel he showed what he believed were gaps in the idea that the mind could be freed from ignorance through the application of reason, and the rejection of the idea that humankind could achieve a utopian existence as a result. The story revolves around the thoughts and rants of an unnamed character that we shall refer to as â€Å"The Underground Man.† In Dostoevsky’s time, the term "man" or "men" referred to all humankind, and the Underground Man seems symbolic of what could happen to mankind should the endless application of reason take over. Dostoevsky seems to be making the statement that rationality is indeed useful for analyzing situations but is ultimately damaging to the self if focused on constantly. Reason does not, as many Enlightenment thinkers believed, free man but instead takes something away from the essential human existence. It reduces us to something that can be scientifically explained, forcing us to lose a fundamental piece of what makes us human in the process: â€Å"All human actions will then, of course, be classified according to these laws – mathematically, like a logarithm table, up to 108,000 – and entered in a special almanac†¦with such precisi on that there will no longer be any actions or adventures in the world† (24). The Underground Man suggests that the one â€Å"most advantageous advant... .... This complexity causes him to doubt every single decision and make any type of action impossible, which is why he believes only narrow-minded people who are not able to question their actions are the only ones who can act with confidence. Taking all this into consideration, it seems impossible that excessive reason and consciousness will eventually lead to progress – it will do just the opposite, when using the Underground Man as an example. One can find much anecdotal support in Notes from Underground that this is an anti-Enlightenment novel – far too much to be included in this short book review. Even from the few examples listed here and through the Underground Man’s discourse throughout, it is easy to see the explicit rejection of the Enlightenment notion that reason would free man’s mind of ignorance and set humankind on a path to a utopian existence.

Truman Outline

Ferretti Apus p4 23 March 2013 Truman Outline 1. Potsdam Conference  (1945) – A meeting was convened which included Clement Atlee, Stalin, and Truman at Germany to hold trials for Nazi leaders and send messages to Japan to warn them to surrender or else†¦ 2. San Francisco Conference  (1945)- A charter was drafted for the United Nations, in San Francisco, with the help of the 50 nations within in the UN. 3. Employment Act  (1946)- This act created the Council of Economic Advisors to aid Congress and the President with the promotion of national economic welfare. 4.National Security Act  (1947)- In lieu of the War Department, the National Security of Defense was created to unify the workings of the Army, Navy and Air Force. 5. New Presidential Succession Act  (1947)- When the president is unable to do his presidential duties, the Vice President will take over and made a line of succession. 6. Taft-Hartley Act  (1947)- The act controlled the power the growing unio ns had. Unemployed workers no longer needed to be a part of a union to be hired. 7. Marshall Plan  (1947)- The plan, proposed by George Marshall, was intended to aid European economies while simultaneously strengthening the US government. . Truman Doctrine  (1947)- In order aid the â€Å"free people† of Greece and Turkey being suppressed by totalitarian regimes, Truman requested 400 million dollars from congress. 9. Displaced Persons Act  (1948)- After World War II, displaced Europeans were given permission to take up residence in the US for a limited amount of time. 10. Selective Service Act  (1948)-aka Eltson Act, it revised the Articles of War of the United States. It also established the current of the Selective Service System. Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of ‘Merica.His term took place during the World War II. He famously known for deciding to drop an atomic bomb in Japan – twice. Truman was able to organize the United Nations which is stil l an essential part of the international governing of people. Truman also enacted the Marshall Plan. The plan, proposed by George Marshall, was intended to aid European economies while simultaneously strengthening the US government. His plan was successful and helped the US economy. He also implemented the National Security Act.In lieu of the War Department, the National Security of Defense was created to unify the workings of the Army, Navy and Air Force. Although Truman attempted to make peace within the United Nations he ironically thousands of innocent people and his choice still continues to affect people today. He dropped two huge – no, gigantic – no, humongous bombs on them. Nbd. Truman gets a 4 because he is a meanie. And seriously 2 BOMBS?!?! Okay the first one was justifiable because they attacked us first and it was unexpected so we get them back but the 2nd was totally uncalled for.

Mus 100 Study Guide

MUS 100 FINAL STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 17: – Fortepiano: early piano, named for its range of dynamic levels; it was smaller and less sonorous than the modern instrument. – Classical style: restrained, objective style of art. Classical refers to Western music characteristic of the period from 1750-1825. Composers: – Mozart: Invested much of his music with a degree of emotion expression unusual for his time. Never allowed emotion to dominate his art. – Haydn: Wrote pleasant, good-natured music throughout his long life. Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. Beethoven: Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. CHAPTER 18: – Form: organization and design of a composition, or of one movement within a composition. – Symphony: multimovement orchestral form. – Sonata-Allegro: â€Å"first movement form†. The 3 sections: expositio n, development, and recapitulation-form a binary design. – Exposition: first section of a fugue or of a sonata-allegro. – Development: 2nd section of the sonata-allegro; it moves through many keys. – Recapitulation: 3rd section of the sonata-allegro.Reviews the material of the exposition, presenting it in a new light. – Coda: Meaning, â€Å"tail†; a closing section. – Minuet and Trio: ABA. Often the 3rd movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. Consists of two minuets, the second (trio) lighter and more lyrical than the first. – Cadenza: extended passage for solo instrument; typical feature of a solo concerto. – Rondo: ABACA. Form in which various episodes alternate with the opening material. The tempo is usually fast, and the mood merry. – String Quartet: chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello. Sonata (classical period): a multimovement composition for one or two solo instruments. CHAP TER 19: – Overture: introductory orchestral piece. – Comic Opera (ope’ra comique, singspiel, opera buffa): Operas light in mood, modest in performing requirements, written in the vernacular language of the intended audience. – Requiem: mass for the dead. – Ensemble Finale: final scene of a musical show in which several soloists simultaneously express, in different words and music, their individual points of view. CHAPTER 20: – Motive: short melodic phrase that may be effectively developed. Art song: concert setting of a poem, usually by a well-known poet, to music. – Lieder: German art songs. – Song cycle: sets of songs by one composer, often using texts all by the same poet. Composers: – Schubert: earliest master of romantic art son. Composed 143 songs at 18. â€Å"Godfather† of the romantic period genre. CHAPTER 21-22: – Cyclic form: multimovement form unified by recurrence of the same or similar melodic material in two or more movements. – Absolute music: instrumental music having no tended association with a story, poem, idea or scene; non-program music. Concert overture: one movement orchestral composition, often inspired by literature and dramatic in expression, yet generally subject to analysis according to classical principles of form. – Program symphony: symphony (composition for orchestra in several movements) related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title. – Idee fixe: single melody used in several movements of a long work to represent a recurring idea. – Thematic transformation: variation of thematic or melodic material for programmatic purposes.Sometimes called metamorphosis. – Dies irae: Gregorian chant for the dead. – Symphonic poem (tone poem): programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form (such as sonata/rondo) or an original irregular form . Composers: – Brahms: misplaced classicist. Poured the warmest Romantic emotional content into his classical forms. He based his music on models from the past. – Berlioz: his works were based on unrequited love. Used the idee fixe, which was a melodic reference to his beloved. CHAPTER 23: Character piece: relatively short piano piece in a characteristic style or mood. – Nocturnes: Piece expressing the â€Å"character† of night. – Prelude: short independent or introductory piece for keyboard. – Etude: a virtuosic instrumental study or â€Å"exercise† intended for concert performance. – Rubato: romantic technique of â€Å"robbing† from the tempo at some points and â€Å"paying back† at others. Composers: – Chopin: only great composer who wrote almost exclusively for piano. Most pieces are miniatures. Virtuoso pianist, most famous for lyrical and melancholic melodies.CHAPTER 25: -Post-romanticism: general ter m for several romantic styles that succeeded the dominance of German Romanticism and preceded the return of classicism to the arts. – Atonality: avoidance of a tonic note and of tonal relationships in music. – Impressionism: style of painting and music that avoids explicit statement, instead emphasizing suggestion and atmosphere. – Primitivism: style inspired by primitive works of art and by the relaxed life of unsophisticated cultures. – Pizzicato: technique of plucking string instruments.Composers: – Mahler: post-romantics. Wrestled with conflicting romantic and classical ideals. – Strauss: leader of post-romantic composers. Strictly classical style but developed romantic techniques. – Debussy: first musician labeled an impressionist. Developed unusual harmonies and exotic timbres. – Schoenberg: inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) > Using the 12 pitches equally. > 12 tone row: playing the 12 pitches in whatever order; no repeated tones until the row has been fully played. > Wrote in a free atonal style gt; Drifted away from traditional harmony and experimented other styles – Stravinsky: went through an early ballet period before the war. He went through a neo-classical period. > Primitivism: movement in the second decade of the 20th century. Reveals romanticism characteristics. Characterized by strong savage rhythms, dissonant combinations of sound and narrow melodies. > â€Å"Rite of Spring†: controversial piece, ballet, and scandal piece CHAPTER 27: – Experimentalism: exploration of previously unknown aspects of musical sound. Polytonality: two or more keys at the same time. – Tone cluster: chord built on seconds. – Prepared piano: piano whose timbre and pitches have been altered by the application of foreign materials on or between the strings. – Twelve-tone technique: arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a tow that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition. Row: series of tones on which a serial composition is based. Composers: – Schoenberg: inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) – Weberm: developed his own styles: lean, clean, delicate, and strong. Ives: invented polytonality (incorporating of two different keys). – Cowell: invented the plucking of a piano sound. – Cage: 1912-1992 not trained as a musician. Brought up in Los Angeles. Became a composer. > Alatoric: predetermined sounds and just guessed when it should be played. > Conceptual art: piece called 4 minutes a 33 seconds – just the sounds in CHAPTER 28: – Neoclassicism: 12th century version of classicism in music. – Neoromanticism: 12th century version of a romantic approach to music. –Minimalism: style of music based on many repetitions of simple melodic lines that gradually change and slowly evolve patterns and rhythmic patterns. Composers: – Copland: American nationa list composer > â€Å"Dean of American Music† – Gershwin: Best known of all American opera, filled with the characteristic sounds of jazz, including syncopated rhythms, expressive vocal catches and slides. – Prokofiev: focused on neoclassical music. – Barber: focused on neoromanticism. > Adagio for string orchestra (tonal piece) – Reich: focused on minimalism. – Glass: focused on minimalism.

Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello

In traditional Shakespearean tragedies the protagonist is destroyed through their own fatal flaw. The play Othello is different because there is a villain which is unusual for a Shakespearean tragedy. In the play Macbeth, the tragic events occur because of Macbeths own fatal flaw of ambition. However in the play Othello; Iago, one of the main characters manipulates Othello's fatal flaw of jealously which leads to the tragic ending of the play. He says how he is using Othello by â€Å"following him I follow but myself†; he is pretending to be loyal to Othello but is really doing it for his own benefit. Iago plans revenge on Othello when he gives Cassio the job of lieutenant instead of to him; he describes himself as â€Å"worth no worse a place† and is showing that he thinks highly of himself. Even after he manages to get Cassio dismissed and replaces him as lieutenant, he still continues to carry out his plan of destruction. This reveals that the reason of Iagos plans are merely just for fun. Iago deceives everyone even Roderigo who supports him, not knowing everything about Iago's plans, he even questions why he â€Å"ever made a fool my purse† which shows he is only using Roderigo for his own benefit. No-one in the play seems to know what Iago is really like. He manipulates everyone in the play to gain their trust although he only uses them. Cassio praises Iago by saying that he had sung â€Å"an excellent song†, this is because he doesn't know that it was actually because of Iago that he was dismissed from the job of lieutenant. Iago is seen as a manipulative and evil character, he betrays Othello by telling Brabantio that Desdemona is married to Othello; â€Å"you're robbed†¦ an old black ram is tupping your white ewe†, he uses crude, sexual imagery to make their marriage seem worse than it is to make Brabantio angry because his daughter got married without his consent. He constantly makes racist comments about Othello; by referring to him as â€Å"thick-lips† and tries to make him seem like a bad character, because in Shakespearean times it was seen as wrong for a white woman to marry a black man. Iago tries to convince himself that Othello has had an affair with is wife; â€Å"I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets He's done my office. † Iago is jealous even though he is not completely sure that Othello has had an affair with his wife. He treats Emilia badly he tells her to â€Å"be not acknown on't† he makes her do what he wants and tell her to pretend she does not know anything about Desdemona's handkerchief. He also makes general bad comments about women; â€Å"she give you so much of her lips as of her tongue† he is saying that Emilia talks too much, something which she shouldn't do. Iago has a general dislike for women and stabs Emilia when she realises what he has done he also causes Othello to hit Desdemona in public and makes him call her a â€Å"whore† to her face. To make Othello jealous he makes out that Desdemona is having an affair but he only hints, â€Å"Lie – † this makes Othello jump to conclusions and finish off the sentences himself; â€Å"Lie with her? Lie on her? † Iago does not try to correct him â€Å"With her, on her, what you will† he just agrees with what Othello is saying. Sometimes when talking to Othello he says something and immediately takes it back to get Othello curious. Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief which had been passed through his family, Iago tells Emilia to steal it for him and plants it in Cassio's bedchamber. He tries to wind up Othello by discretely reminding Othello that Desdemona did not have the handkerchief anymore: â€Å"But if I give my wife a handkerchief†, he is tormenting him with the thought that Desdemona is not acting truly loyal to Othello, like Emilia would to Iago. Shakespeare uses asides and soliloquies throughout the play as a dramatic technique. While talking to Othello, Iago says â€Å"O, you are well turned now! But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am† it reminds us of Iago's evil nature, and shows how he is planning Othello's destruction. Soliloquies are similar to asides in what they do in the play. They remind us of what Iago is planning and also show us what he thinks about what he has achieved so far.

Framing Carpentry

Have you ever built anything with your hands? Maybe a birdhouse? What about a model car or plane? We’ve all built a gingerbread house before; haven’t we? Well, no matter who we are, or where we come from, most of us have built, or helped to build, something with our bare hands. The satisfaction a person gets from completing something with their bare hands is an amazing feeling. Now, have you ever built a house before? Yes, I mean an entire house. Starting from what is basically a pile of sticks. Most people haven’t. Being a framing can give a person satisfaction that is not easily found. But this is not a job for the weak. Being a carpenter may be one of the hardest and most dangerous jobs a person can do on a daily basis. Framing is a job that anybody should be proud to do. Not only does is take a great amount of physical and mental strength, but it takes an artist’s touch as well. Whether you rent a home, or own your own, somebody put their blood, sweat, and/or tears into building the place you call home. Blood may not be as common as sweat, and tears even less so, but with the amount of physical energy that it takes to build a home, yours took at least one of them; more likely two. I’ve been working as a framing carpenter for a quarter of my life, so I hope you take my word when I say it can be flat out exhausting. An August day spent at the lake can drain a man. That same August day on top of a roof can reach 130+ degrees, and will push even the fittest men to their physical limits. People might say, â€Å"I hit the gym every night, I could handle it. † Okay, put on a tool belt and give it a shot. But remember, that tool belt weighs about ten pounds. Now factor in repeatedly, and I mean hundreds of times a day, lifting anywhere from two to one hundred and twenty pounds; and don’t forget the heat. I’ve personally seen this drain a man’s energy so much that in just one moment of exhaustion, he buried a saw (mind you a power saw) in his left thigh almost four inches deep. There was blood and tears, and for a moment I feared for his life. Of course this isn’t as common as a shooting yourself with a nail gun, slicing yourself on a strap, or stepping on a nail, but it happens. These lapses in judgment happen on some small scale everyday so you must always be mentally aware. There is so much more to building a house than being able to work hard. As much, and sometimes more energy can be spent on the mental process that takes place. I asked you earlier if you’d ever built a house from a pile of sticks. Essentially, that is what takes place. Imagine your house being sent out on the back of a truck. And it’s not like a Lego house that is ready to put together. Critical steps must be taken from the moment you set that first nail. A mistake in that took five seconds to make could take days to fix. I know a guy who built a 5,000 square foot building too tall. I know a guy who built every window in the house six inches to small. I know a guy that cut over 5,000 dollars worth of logs the wrong length. Sure these were stupid and costly mistakes, but if you can show me one person that hasn’t made a dumb mistake at work, I can show you a thousand who have. Being physically exhausted keeps your thought processes from working properly. Your body will take care of its physical needs first, and if you don’t have enough left it will shut down mentally. I believe this has happened to most of us at some point; studying perhaps? Keeping your mind fresh is most crucial when you get to the roof. Making four different roof lines come together harmoniously can be very difficult. Calculating multiple angles for each roof to blend perfectly can be a headache for even math majors. But when all is said and done, you can look back at your own little masterpiece with pride. Can you really consider framing a house†¦.. a masterpiece? Absolutely! Here in St George, UT we have an annual event known as the Parade of Homes. This is where local construction companies show of the skills of their trades, and what I believe you could call their artists touch. Many of us attend this annual event, and gawp at the beauty within these homes. We look at the intrinsic details of a fireplace or ceiling, but do not take much time to think about the work it took to build these. It once took me a day and a half to build fireplace; with a helper. The details were absurd. It was something that should have been built with foam, not wood. Six different radiuses, some of which had moon sliced openings with waves protruding on every surface, and a light bar that followed the last one. Now, did I feel like an artist upon completion? You better believe I did; I felt like Picasso. It wasn’t easy to build this with a power saw and nail gun from only a pile of sticks. But it is precisely these types of projects that leave me with an overwhelming sense of pride. After all of the houses I’ve built I still take pride in my work. It feels good to drive through a neighborhood, and to remember each house I’ve built. There are memories that come to mind with every house. I can picture the first house that I built as a grunt, as well as the first I built as a foreman. I remember how good my first house as a foreman felt, and how I sat in my truck when we were finished, and felt the pride of doing it my way. It’s always a good feeling to accomplish something that you take pride in, and everybody needs that feeling. Whether it was a million dollar home, or a track home that took three days, it’s always felt good to finish a home and admire it. It’s great to know that it was through my knowledge, skills, and strength that I took a pile of sticks, and built a house. This is why I think framing is a job to be proud of.

Religious Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Architectures - Essay Example The Masjid e Nabwi also known as the Prophet’s Mosque is the second holiest place of worship for Muslims. It is the largest mosque of the world which is also the resting place for Prophet Muhammad and two Caliphs of Islam namely Abu Bakr and Umar. The original mosque was built by the Prophet himself in 622 CE. The mosque was built in a rectangular shape; the walls were made using palm trunks and mud and the ceiling was made using palm fronds. The mosque had a raised platform where the holy book of Islam, the Quran was recited. This place was not only a place of worship but also a court, religious school and a community center where politics and other fundamental issues were discussed. Today this mosque is 100 times larger than the original mosque. The place where Prophet Muhammad used to preach was beside palm tree wood which was replaced by a ‘minbar’ in 628. This was done so the Prophet could be higher than the crowd and it would be easier to lead the prayer or address the crowds. The mosque now has two floors where prayers are offered. The roof is also used during peak times to accommodate the worshippers. The green dome is called ‘Ar-Rawdah’ and is situated above Muhammad’s grave. It is also called the ‘Dome of the Prophet’. The mosque has a total of 27 domes. There are holes in the base of each dome; this is done so the interior is kept illuminated. The mosque has 10 minarets. Minarets and dome are important distinctive architectural elements of a mosque. Minarets are useful because they give a visual focal point and they are also used as a vantage point for ‘adhaan’, the call for prayer. Minarets also provide a natural ventilation system. As the dome gets heated by the sun the air is drawn in from the windows and up and out the minarets. There is a ‘mihrab’ in every mosque to mark the direction of the ‘qibla’ (where the worshippers face towards while offering praye rs). The Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence and the first great basilica there. It was built in the place of the 9th century worship place of Santa Maria delleVigne. In 1221, after the site was assigned to the Dominican Order, a new church was built which was designed by Fra Ristoro da Campi and Fra SistoFiorentino. The church has the basic architectural elements of a church; the basilica, the stained glass windows and the Latin cross. The interior of the church is built based on the basilica plan as a Latin cross. It is separated into a nave and a short transept. The nave which is 100 meters in length is designed this way to give an impression of graveness. Stained glass windows are a common part of a church. They represent religious scenes or figures as well provide sufficient natural light in the church. Some people also associate this entering of light with Christ. The ones in Santa Maria church date back to the 14th and 15th century. The chapels of the church include F ilippoStrozzi, Gondi Chapel, Cappella Strozzi di Mantova, Della Pura, Rucellai Chapel, Bardi Chapel, Sacristy and the Spanish Chapel. Chapels are small rooms situated within a church. The Sistine Chapel is of great importance for the Christians as it is the home of the Pope in Vatican City. Known for its architectural designs and decoration done by the Renaissance artists such as Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli, Michelangelo and Pinturicchio the chapel has been a place for functionary papal happenings and religious endeavors. It is also the venue where the new Pope is chosen. The Sistine Chapel is also famed for Papal Conclaves. When a conclave takes place, a chimney is fitted in the chapel’s roof for signaling with smoke. When white smoke is seen rising from the chimney, it is a sign that a new pope has been selected. The smoke results

Why dams and river projects are administered by the USACE. The Defense Essay

Why dams and river projects are administered by the USACE. The Defense Budget is exactly where those projects are because Congress would be reluctant to fight over it - Essay Example The US having a lot of enemies and allies, needs information operation in order to be a head of its enemies inters of information. This means that the US and its allies always have an advantage of any information issue over their enemies. Maintain superiority in the information sector is therefore the main goal that IO aims at achieving. The environment of the information is also vital for the success of IO. It is considered to be the combination of the organizations, the individuals, and the systems that are collectively involved in the collection, processing, dissemination and acting on the information. It is therefore divided into three parts. The informational, the physical and the cognitive. With the use of the five core capabilities of IO, the US is able to influence many aspects off the information industry in order to protect their own information. IO has three major military functions. This is the public affairs, defense support to public diplomacy as well as military civil operations. However IO does not do anything to compromise the purpose of these capabilities. However they always work together in order to achieve the desired goals that are set. Full spectrum operation is now growing in the US army. This all began in 2001 when the government began to feel that the US army should be able to go into any country and act on any deployment whether the country has any peace or it is a war torn nation. It is for this reason that the army needs a lot of support indoor to gain advantage of the peoples support. Infrastructure and construction is major part in the engineering department of the army corps. They build bridges and dams that the army uses to train as well as any architectural design that is spoilt by the army in any of its mission. USAGE is a MACOM army. This is a major command army that is given assignments that involves the execution, of all military construction and

LEGITIMACY THEORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LEGITIMACY THEORY - Essay Example Conflation of these concepts can be a very difficult proposition though such organizational contingencies existing within its operational environment could act as a compulsion to achieve such fusion so that legitimacy becomes an institutionalized organizational goal. Financial reporting mechanisms and the connected objectivity perspectives have been questioned by researchers and analysts on the ground that organizations present such annual financial reports with a view to legitimizing their activities in the eyes of the society. This social obligation arguably reinvigorates the existing debate on the dichotomy between the legitimacy theory and reliable financial reporting as an organizational requirement. While theoretical underpinnings of accounting and financial reporting are concerned with professional impartiality and numerical accuracy as explicitly required under IAS, legitimacy of organizational behaviour in the food sector is determined by a series of endogenous and exogenous variables ranging from industry-centric environmental factors to national and supranational regulatory compulsions. Food industry-centric environment has been subject to a revolutionary paradigm shift in quality and safety. This evolving scenario of extreme choices has invariably predicated upon the stricter legitimacy-prone standards that are being witnessed in it today. A variety of theoretical approaches have been developed over the years to build a comprehensive framework of analysis to study an otherwise complex concept in organizational beahviour. Legitimacy theory is just one such theoretical postulate that has evolved into what’s now known as the yardstick of organizational behaviour concerning that particular aspect of its ethical responsibility to the very society in which it operates as a corporate entity. Thus the very logic of organizational behaviour hinges on the fundamental premise that organizations are bound by a universal requirement to justify and

Management Accounting Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Accounting Master - Essay Example Due to the changes taking place in the accounting field today, it is necessary to bring appropriate measures for improving the managerial accounting techniques and procedures. Obtaining adequate in formations required for the organization is the main driving force for change. For meeting the organizational goals, it is necessary to implement the relevant managerial accounting policies effectively. Increased competition requires adequate changes in the management techniques. Earlier period, management accounting was concentrated for the determination of cost, control of finance, and also to provide concentration for minimizing the wastage of resources. In addition to this, the management accountant is also responsible for the preparation of accounting statements in an effective manner. But recently, the role of management accountant is enhanced due to the changing scenario of the world of accounting. As far as an organization is taken in to consideration, management accountant is resp onsible for taking the adequate managerial decisions for the future running of the entity. Management accountant is one who should possess thorough knowledge about the relevant aspects of the enterprise as a whole. The concept of accounting point of view of both management and financial accounting is not at all similar. The MIS (Management Information System) is very crucial in recent days. "MIS (management information systems) is a general term for the computer systems in an enterprise that provide information about its business operations. It's also used to refer to the people who manage these systems." (Moore 2007). For the purpose of mitigating the existing difficulties associated with the concept of managerial accounting and its principles and policies, it is necessary to undertake effective implementation strategy and also to undertake the reinvention of management accountants. The organizational customs and its environmental factors are also effecting this reinvention to certain extend. Management accounting principles and its applications are fundamental for the preparation of financial statements and report to the entity for taking appropriate future decisions. Management accounting is highly concentrating for taking the most relevant decision required within the organization, and it is necessary to obtain the proper information about the entity for taking decisions, and such information should be more accurate in nature. MIS is a significant concept, because it is possible to undertake the business operations more effectively through this system. So, major factors responsible for changes in the management information system are- Changes take place in the economy. Awareness about global competition. Emergence of recent innovative measures and technology. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the changes in the organization in an effective manner for taking the prominent decision which may affect the performance of the entity in future. Implementation of strategic management accounting tools are also effective for this. So, the effective installation of the MIS is important for the adequate functioning of an entity. It is very essential to maintain and develop a proper accounting theory for the proper implementation of accounting procedures and the effective reporting of

Medieval Islamic Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Medieval Islamic Philosophy - Essay Example that had been transmitted from Greece into these countries. In, 323-43 BC Greek classical philosophies experienced a drastic change. From being a fundamentally Greek product, it developed into an international and eclectic cultural movement in which Greek, Egyptian, Phoenician and other Near Eastern religious and ethical elements came together. This change is best represented by the role Alexandria played as the centre of varied streams of notions making up the new philosophy. At the same time as the Abbasid Caliphate was set up in Baghdad in 750 AD, the centre of learning progressively moved to the Abbasid capital, which became later the heir of Athens and Alexandria as the new cultural city of the medieval world. Nearly two centuries later Cordoba, capital of Muslim Spain, began to contend with Baghdad as the centre of 'ancient learning'. From Cordoba, Greek-Arabic philosophy and science were spread across the Pyrenees to Paris, Bologna and Oxford in the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. During the time of the Abbasi'd Khalifah (Caliph) Mamun-al-Rashid who had established a Bait-el-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad, the influence of the foreign thought seeped into Islamic culture. Works of Greek philosophy and natural sciences were available in Alexandria, Egypt, and some other Syrian cities. Mamun-al-Rashid employed scholars of all religions, Jewish, Christianity, Islam, etc. for the purpose of translating these works into Arabic. Regardless of the strong hold of Islamic theological doctrine on the minds of the Arabs, skepticism and rational thinking increasingly developed and flourished under the encouragement and protection provided by the Khalifah. The first reception of Greek-Hellenistic philosophy in the Islamic world was mixed. It was rejected in the beginning as being distrustfully foreign or pagan, and was thus scorned by conservative theologians, legal scholars and grammarians as harmful or unessential. By the middle of the eighth century AD the image had changed to some extent, with the appearance of the rationalist theologians of Islam known as the Mu'tazilites, who were utterly inclined by the methods of discussion or dialectic supported by the Muslim philosophers. Of those philosophers, the two exceptional persons of the ninth and tenth centuries were al-Kindi and al-Razi, who welcomed Greek philosophy as a form of freedom from the fetters of doctrine or blind imitation (taqlid). For al-Kindi, the objectives of philosophy are rightly well matched with those of religion, and, for al-Razi, philosophy was the highest expression of man's intellectual goals and the noblest achievement of that noble people, who were incompa rable in their quest for wisdom (hikma). Later scholars used this device with mixed results. For instance, Ibn Rushd stated (11), "Since the religion (Islam) is true and summons to the study which leads to knowledge of the Truth, we the Muslims know definitely that demonstrative study does not lead to (conclusions) conflicting with what Scripture has given us; for truth does not oppose truth but accords with it and bears witness to it." Thus it was a given that the Scripture was perfect and true, every

White denial of racial issues contributes to poor race relations Essay

White denial of racial issues contributes to poor race relations - Essay Example a, that say that blacks should be so touchy and sensitive, and that they should neglect their own individuality and uniqueness in order to become part of the broader, inclusive America. The article has no vague or ambiguous parts. The author speaks clearly and convincingly, stating numerous claims and validations for these claims as to why blacks should keep holding on to their uniqueness and individuality while also fighting and struggling to fend off discriminatory acts and statements in order to achieve a state of equality. The source is very credible. He explains that blacks have been deprived and enslaved throughout American history and it is their uniqueness that has kept them fighting and struggling. Keeping that does not mean their segregation and detachment from whites, but their being a separate though part of the whole. He also gives examples from known movies, which help convince the reader that the attitude towards blacks is still very unsatisfactory. One rhetorical device which is clearly visible is the use of opposites and contradiction. The words black and white appear often to describe the different people mentioned, but can allude to seeing the world "in black and white". Another is the use of analogies to compare the situation of blacks and whites, for instance within the financial field (blacks earn less money than whites for the same work). The fallacy mentioned by the author is not his, but a mentioning of a fallacy used by the white society, which claims that blacks insist on staying individual causes segregation and their separation of society, when they should embrace their part of the broader America. Clearly, that is incorrect since it is possible and recommendable that they should stay a part of it while also remaining individually unique. One argument the author uses is that American society should fully acknowledge the instrumental role that blacks had in the construction of the country and its building and evolving. Though they